 |
Advanced Health and Life Extension |
| Affiliate Disclosure: Purchasing products through links on this website will earn the author a commission at no additional cost to the purchaser. |
CLA Conjugated Linoleic AcidWhat is CLA or Conjugated Linoleic AcidConjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a naturally-occurring polyunsaturated fatty acid. It is a group of isomers of linoleic acid, meaning that it is chemically identical but has the atoms arranged in a different patern than ordinary linoleic acid. Linoleic acid is one of the essential fatty acids. The human body is unable to manufacture Linoleic Acid or CLA, so it must be obtained from dietary sources. Foods highest in CLA include dairy products and meat from ruminant animals, such as beef, lamb, and veal. Benefits of CLA Conjugated Linoleic AcidCLA has been the subject of a variety of research studies in the past several years and findings suggest that some of the benefits of CLA include the following:
CLA Conjugated Linoleic Acid and Heart HealthIn one study, researchers investigated the cholesterol-lowering effects of CLA on hamsters. Compared to controls, the CLA-treated animals collectively experienced a significant reduction in levels of plasma total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. Atherosclerosis took much longer to develop in the aortas of the CLA-treated groups than in the controls. In another study, researchers fed rabbits a standardized diet. Half of the rabbits were given CLA (0.5 g CLA/rabbit per day) for a period of 12 weeks. As compared to controls, the researchers found that total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides were markedly lower in the CLA-fed group. In addition, the LDL cholesterol-to-HDL cholesterol ratio and total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol ratio were significantly improved in CLA-fed rabbits. Again, the aortas of CLA-fed rabbits showed less atherosclerosis than in controls. CLA Conjugated Linoleic Acid Anti-Cancer Effects on Breast Cancer, Colon Cancer and Prostate CancerIn vivo animal and human cells indicate that CLA may protect against prostate, mammary and colon cancer. In one impressive study researchers induced experimental mammary cancer in rats. They then fed the animals either high CLA butter fat or a free fatty acid mixture of CLA isomers (typical of that found in supplemental CLA) during the time of pubescent mammary gland development. Only 53% of the animals given CLA, both in the form of butter and free fatty acids, developed mammary tumors compared to 93% of controls! The researchers concluded that CLA could be beneficial in reducing the risk of breast cancer. According to Dale Bauman, one of the lead authors of this study, 'Most dietary substances exhibiting anti-carcinogenic activity are of plant origin and are only present at trace levels. However, CLA is found almost exclusively in animal products and is among the most potent of all naturally-occurring anti-carcinogens.' In another study of animals with experimental breast cancer, the spread of the tumors was inhibited in proportion with increasing concentrations of dietary CLA. CLA was nearly as effective as indomethacin, a pharmaceutical suppressor of tumor growth and metastasis. Conjugated linoleic acid has been shown to inhibit ACF, a biomarker of colon cancer, in rats. In another study involving prostate cancer, immunodeficient mice were injected with human prostate cancer cells. Mice fed a CLA enhanced diet had smaller tumors and a reduction in metastases. CLA Conjugated Linoleic Acid for Weight Loss and Muscle BuildingCLA has been shown to decrease body fat content by inhibiting fat storage and reducing the amount of fat deposited in the body. In one study, researchers found that pigs fed CLA showed a reduction in fat deposits of 31%, and an increase in lean tissue formation of 25% over an eight-week period. Using human subjects, a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study, published in the December 2000 issue of the Journal of Nutrition found that CLA reduces fat and preserves muscle tissue. An average reduction of six pounds of body fat was found in the group that took CLA, compared to a placebo group. The study found that approximately 3.4 grams of CLA per day is the level needed to obtain the beneficial effects of CLA on body fat. A research study done at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, reported in August 2000 to the American Chemical Society did not find weight loss in overweight people from use of CLA supplements. However, they did find that when the dieters stopped dieting, and gained back weight, those taking CLA "were more likely to gain muscle and not fat. In another study involving human subjects, those taking CLA experienced a small weight loss, about 3.5 pounds without altering their calorie intake. Researchers also found that higher levels of CLA in the bloodstream were associated with lower levels of leptin, a hormone that is believed to control the levels of fat in the body. In the placebo group, leptin levels rose slightly. Studies have indicated that high leptin levels may have a part to play in obesity. CLA Conjugated Linoleic Acid and DiabetesCLA is functionally similar to certain insulin sensitizers. This fact offers the possibility that CLA could be helpful in treating or preventing diabetes. Researchers discovered that CLA normalized impaired Glucose function and reduced hyperinsulinemia in diabetic rats. In a separate study conducted at Purdue University, CLA was found to improve insulin levels in about two-thirds of diabetic patients, and moderately reduced the blood glucose level and triglyceride levels. Diabetics who suplemented their diet with CLA had lower body mass and lower blood sugar levels when compared to the control group. CLA Conjugated Linoleic Acid DosageSince the trend is to consume less of the natural sources of CLA, meat and dairy fat, taking supplements may make sense. Studies suggest that taking 3 to 4 grams of CLA per day can improve the muscle-to-fat ratio. By contributing to a loss of body fat, particularly abdominal fat, while increasing lean tissue formation, the result can be a leaner, and thus, healthier body. It should be emphasized again that taking CLA alone will not be an effective weight loss remedy for most individuals. When combined with a good diet and exercise plan, it will enhance the effects of your other efforts and make it easier to keep the weight off. CLA Conjugated Linoleic Acid Side EffectsSo far no adverse effects or drug interactions have been reported for CLA Conjugated Linoleic Acid. CLA Conjugated Linoleic Acid ProductsSuper CLA Blend with Sesame Lignans from the Life Extension Foundation CLA Conjugated Linoleic Acid Related Articles in Life Extension MagazineBenefits of CLA Too Good To Be True, Scientifically reviewed by: Dr. Gary Gonzalez, MD, in January 2021. Written by: Life Extension Editorial Staff. Conjugated Linoleic Acid, Scientifically reviewed by: Dr. Gary Gonzalez, MD, in January 2021. Written by: Life Extension Editorial Staff. CLA Newly Discovered Benefits, Scientifically reviewed by: Dr. Gary Gonzalez, MD, in January 2021. Written by: Life Extension Editorial Staff CLA ReferencesClick to Expand ReferencesNicolosi, RJ, Rogers EJ, Kritchevsky D, Scimeca JA, Huth PJ. Dietary conjugated inoleic acid reduces plasma lipoproteins and early aortic atharosclerosis in hypercholasterolemic hamsters. Artery (USA) , 1997, 22/5 (266-277) Lee K.N.; Kritchevsky D.; Pariza M.W. Conjugated linoleic acid and atherosclerosis in rabbits. Atherosclerosis (Ireland), 1994, 108/1 (19-25) Truitt A, McNeill G, Vanderhoek JY. Antiplatelet effects of conjugated linoleic acid isomers. Biochim Biophys Acta 1999 May 18;1438(2):239-46. Ip C, Banni S, Angioni E, Carta G, McGinley J, Thompson HJ, Barbano D, Bauman D. Conjugated Linoleic Acid-Enriched Butter Fat Alters Mammary Gland Morpogenesis and Reduces Cancer Risk in Rats. Journal of Nutrition, 129:2135-2142. Dashwood, RH. Early detection and prevention of colorectal cancer (review). Oncol Rep 1999 Mar-Apr;6(2):277-81. Cesano A. Visonneau S, Scimeca JA, Kritchevsky D, Santoli D. Opposite effects of linoleic acid and conjugated linoleic acid on human prostatic cancer in SCID mice. Anticancer Res 1998 May-Jun;18(3A):1429-34. Hubbard NE, Lim D, Summers L, Erickson KL. Reduction of murine mammary tumor metastasis by conjugated linoleic acid. Cancer Lett 2000 Mar 13;150(1):93-100. Gavino VC, Gavino G, Leblanc MJ, Tuchweber B. An isomeric mixture of conjugated linoleic acids but not pur cis-9, trans-11-octadecadienoic acid affects body weight gain and plasma lipids in hamsters. J Nutr 2000 Jan;130(1):27-9. Ostrowska E, Muralitharan M, Cross RF, Bauman DE, Dunshea FR. Dietary conjugated linoleic acids increase lean tissue and decrease fat deposition in growing pigs. J Nutr 1999 Nov;129(11):2037-42. Pariza MW, Park Y, Cook ME. Mechanisms of action of conjugated linoleic acid: evidence and speculation. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 2000 Jan;223(1):8-13. Houseknecht KL, Vanden Heuval JP, Moya-Camarena SY, Portocarrero CP, Peck LW, Nickel KP, Ebelury MA. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid normalizes impaired glucose tolerance in the Zucker diaetic fatty fa/fa rat. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998 Mar 27;244(3):678-82. Belury MA, Mahon A, Banni S. The conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomer, t10c12-CLA, is inversely associated with changes in body weight and serum leptin in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Nutr. 2003 Jan;133(1):257S-260S. Conjugated linoleic acid and atherosclerosis in rabbits Lee K.N.; Kritchevsky D.; Pariza M.W. Food Research Institute, Dept. Food Microbiology/Toxicology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1925 Willow Drive, Madison, WI 53706 USA Atherosclerosis (Ireland), 1994, 108/1 (19-25) Fritsche S, Rumsey TS, Yurawecz MP, Ku Y, Fritsche J. Influence of growth promoting implants on fatty acid composition including conjugated linoleic acid isomers in beef fat. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 212:621-629 (2001). Kritchevsky D, Czarnecki SK. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in health and disease. Chim. Oggi (Chemistry Today) 19(6):26-28 (2001). Lawson RE, Moss AR, Givens DI. The role of dairy products in supplying conjugated linoleic acid to man's diet: a review. Nutr. Res. Rev. 14:153-172 (2001). Lu YP, Lou YR, Lin Y, Shih WCJ, Huang MT, Yang CS, Conney AH. Inhibitory effects of orally administered green tea, black tea, and caffeine on skin carcinogenesis in mice previously treated with ultraviolet B light (high-risk mice): Relationship to decreased tissue fat. Cancer Res. 61:5002-5009 (2001). Roche HM, Noone E, Nugent A, Gibney MJ. Conjugated linoleic acid: a novel therapeutic nutrient Nutr. Res. Rev. 14:173-187 (2001). Suzuki R, Noguchi R, Ota T, Abe M, Miyashita K, Kawada T. Cytotoxic effect of conjugated trienoic fatty acids on mouse tumor and human monocytic leukemia cells. Lipids 36:477-482 (2001). Clouet P, Demizieux L, Gresti J, Degrace P. Mitochondrial respiration on rumenic and linoleic acids. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 29(Part 2):320-325 (2001). Devery R, Miller A, Stanton C. Conjugated linoleic acid and oxidative behaviour in cancer cells. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 29(Part 2):341-344 (2001). Jung MO, Yoon SH, Jung MY. Effects of temperature and agitation rate on the formation of conjugated linoleic acids in soybean oil during hydrogenation process. J. Agr. Food Chem. 49:3010-3016 (2001). Mossoba MM, Kramer JKG, Fritsche J, Yurawecz MP, Eulitz KD, Ku Y, Rader JI. Application of standard addition to eliminate conjugated linoleic acid and other interferences in the determination of total trans fatty acids in selected food products by infrared spectroscopy. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 78:631-634 (2001). Pariza MW, Park Y, Cook ME. The biologically active isomers of conjugated linoleic acid. Prog. Lipid Res. 40:283-298 (2001). Baumgard LH, Sangster JK, Bauman DE. Milk fat synthesis in dairy cows is progressively reduced by increasing supplemental amounts of trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). J. Nutr. 131:1764-1769 (2001). Choi YJ, Park Y, Pariza MW, Ntanbi JM. Regulation of stearoyl-CoA desaturase activity by the trans-10,cis-12 isomer of conjugated linoleic acid in HepG2 cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 284:689-693 (2001). Kimoto N, Hirose M, Futakuchi M, Iwata T, Kasai M, Shirai T. Site-dependent modulating effects of conjugated fatty acids from safflower oil in a rat two-stage carcinogenesis model in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Cancer Lett. 168:15-21 (2001). Rahman SM, Wang YM, Han SY, Cha JY, Fukuda N, Yotsumoto H, Yanagita T. Effects of short-term administration of conjugated linoleic acid on lipid metabolism in white and brown adipose tissues of starved/refed Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats. Food Res. Int. 34:515-520 (2001). Sisk MB, Hausman DB, Martin RJ, Azain MJ. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid reduces adiposity in lean but not obese Zucker rats. J. Nutr. 131:1668-1674 (2001). Swan JE, Parrish FC, Wiegand BR, Larsen ST, Baas TJ, Berg EP. Total body electrical conductivity (TOBEC) measurement of compositional differences in hams, loins, and bellies from conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)-fed stress-genotype pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 79:1475-1482 (2001). Adlof RO, Copes LC, Walter EL. Changes in conjugated linoleic acid composition within samples obtained from a single source. Lipids 36:315-317 (2001). Aydin R, Pariza MW, Cook ME. Olive oil prevents the adverse effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on chick hatchability and egg quality. J. Nutr. 131:800-806 (2001). Baer RJ, Ryali J, Schingoethe DJ, Kasperson KM, Donovan DC, Hippen AR, Franklin ST. Composition and properties of milk and butter from cows fed fish oil. J. Dairy Sci. 84:345-353 (2001). Bassaganya-Riera J, Hontecillas-Magarzo R, Bregendahl K, Wannemuehler MJ, Zimmerman DR. Effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid in nursery pigs of dirty and clean environments on growth, empty body composition, and immune competence. J. Anim. Sci. 79:714-721 (2001). Baumgard LH, Sangster JK, Bauman DE. Milk fat synthesis in dairy cows is progressively reduced by increasing supplemental amounts of trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). J. Nutr. 131:1764-1769 (2001). Benito P, Nelson GJ, Kelley DS, Bartolini G, Schmidt PC, Simon V. The effect of conjugated linoleic acid on platelet function, platelet fatty acid composition, and blood coagulation in humans. Lipids 36:221-227 (2001). Benito P, Nelson GJ, Kelley DS, Bartolini G, Schmidt PC, Simon V. The effect of conjugated linoleic acid on plasma lipoproteins and tissue fatty acid composition in humans. Lipids 36:229-236 (2001). Bulgarella JA, Patton D, Bull AW. Modulation of prostaglandin H synthase activity by conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and specific CLA isomers. Lipids 36:407-412 (2001). Chen JF, Tai CY, Chen YC, Chen BH. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid on the degradation and oxidation stability of model lipids during heating and illumination. Food Chem. 72(2):199-206 (2001). Choi YJ, Park Y, Pariza MW, Ntanbi JM. Regulation of stearoyl-CoA desaturase activity by the trans-10,cis-12 isomer of conjugated linoleic acid in HepG2 cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 284:689-693 (2001). Chouinard PY, Corneau L, Butler WR, Chilliard Y, Drackley JK, Bauman DE. Effect of dietary lipid source on conjugated linoleic acid concentrations in milk fat. J. Dairy Sci. 84:680-690 (2001). Christie, WW. A practical guide to the analysis of conjugated linoleic acid. Inform 12:147-152. Chuang LT, Thurmond JM, Liu JW, Kirchner SJ, Mukerji P, Bray TM, Huang YS. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on fungal Delta 6-desaturase activity in a transformed yeast system. Lipids 36:139-143 (2001). Clouet P, Demizieux L, Gresti J, Degrace P. Mitochondrial respiration on rumenic and linoleic acids. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 29(Part 2):320-325 (2001). Devery R, Miller A, Stanton C. Conjugated linoleic acid and oxidative behaviour in cancer cells. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 29(Part 2):341-344 (2001). Dewhurst RJ, Scollan ND, Youell SJ, Tweed JKS, Humphreys MO. Influence of species, cutting date and cutting interval on the fatty acid composition of grasses. Grass Forage Sci. 56:68-74 (2001). Dhiman TR, MacQueen IS, Luchini ND. Milk yield response of dairy cows fed fat along with protein. Anim. Feed Sci. Tech. 90:169-184 (2001). Du M, Ahn DU, Nam KC, Sell JL. Volatile provirtuals and lipid oxidation of irradiated cooked chicken meat from laying hens fed diets containing conjugated linoleic acid. Poultry Sci. 80:235-241 (2001). Elias SL, Innis SM. Infant plasma trans, n-6, and n-3 fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids are related to maternal plasma fatty acids, length of gestation, and birth weight and length. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 73:807-814 (2001). Finnegan Y, Williams C. Low-fat balancing act. Chemistry & Industry (1):12-14 (2001). Fritsche J, Yurawecz MP, Pawlosky R, Flanagan VP, Steinhart H, Ku Y. Spectroscopic characterization of unusual conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers. J. Separation Sci. 24:59-61 (2001). Fritsche S, Rumsey TS, Yurawecz MP, Ku Y, Fritsche J. Influence of growth promoting implants on fatty acid composition including conjugated linoleic acid isomers in beef fat. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 212:621-629 (2001). Garcia HS, Arcos JA, Keough KJ, Hill CG. Immobilized lipase-mediated acidolysis of butteroil with conjugated linoleic acid: batch reactor and packed bed reactor studies. J. Molec. Catal. B Enzymatic 11:623-632 (Sp. Iss.) (2001). Geay Y, Bauchart D, Hocquette JF, Culioli J. Effect of nutritional factors on biochemical, structural and metabolic characteristics of muscles in ruminants, consequences on dietetic value and sensorial qualities of meat. Reproduction Nutrition Development 41:1-26 (2001). Gnadig S, Rickert R, Sebedio JL, Steinhart H. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA): physiological effects and production. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 103:56-61 (2001). Hill CG, Ghannouchi S, Garcia HS. Lipolysis of butter oil by immobilized lamb pregastric esterase: I. Uniresponse kinetics - pH and temperature Effects. J. Dairy Sci. 84:1034-1043 (2001). Hurst WJ, Tarka SM, Dobson G, Reid CM. Determination of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) concentrations in milk chocolate. J. Agric. Food Chem. 49:1264-1265 (2001). Igarashi M, Miyazawa T. The growth inhibitory effect of conjugated linoleic acid on a human hepatoma cell line, HepG2, is induced by a change in fatty acid metabolism, but not the facilitation of lipid peroxidation in the cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Mol. Cell. Biol. Lipids 1530:162-171 (2001). Jung MO, Yon SH, Jung MY. Effects of temperature and agitation rate on the formation of conjugated linoleic acids in soybean oil during hydrogenation process. J. Agr. Food Chem. 49:3010-3016 (2001). Khosla P, Fungwe TV. Conjugated linoleic acid: effects on plasma lipids and cardiovascular function. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 12:31-34 (2001). Kim IH, Yoon CS, Lee KW. Transesterification of conjugated linoleic acid and tricaprylin by lipases in organic solvents. Food Res. Int. 34:301-306 (2001). Kim IH, Yoon CS, Cho SH, Lee KW, Chung SH, Tae BS. Lipase-catalyzed incorporation of conjugated linoleic acid into tricaprylin. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 78:547-551 (2001). Kimoto N, Hirose M, Futakuchi M, Iwata T, Kasai M, Shirai T. Site-dependent modulating effects of conjugated fatty acids from safflower oil in a rat two-stage carcinogenesis model in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Cancer Lett. 168:15-21 (2001). Kritchevsky D, Czarnecki SK. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in health and disease. Chim. Oggi (Chemistry Today) 19(6):26-28 (2001). Laborde FL, Mandell IB, Tosh JJ, Wilton JW, Buchanan-Smith JG. Breed effects on growth performance, carcass characteristics, fatty acid composition, and palatability attributes in finishing steers. J. Anim. Sci. 79:355-365 (2001). Larock RC, Dong XY, Chung S, Reddy CK, Ehlers LE. Preparation of conjugated soybean oil and other natural oils and fatty acids by homogeneous transition metal catalysis. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 78:447-453 (2001). Lawson RE, Moss AR, Givens DI. The role of dairy products in supplying conjugated linoleic acid to man's diet: a review. Nutr. Res. Rev. 14:153-172 (2001). Lin YG, Kreeft A, Schuurbiers JAE, Draijer R. Different effects of conjugated linoleic acid isomers on lipoprotein lipase activity in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J. Nutr. Biochem. 12:183-189 (2001). Loreau O, Maret A, Chardigny JM, Sebedio JL, Noel JP. Sequential substitution of 1,2-dichloro-ethene: a convenient stereoselective route to (9Z,11E)-, (10E,12Z)- and (10Z,12Z)-[1-C-14] conjugated linoleic acid isomers. Chem. Phys. Lipids 110:57-67 (2001). Lu YP, Lou YR, Lin Y, Shih WCJ, Huang MT, Yang CS, Conney AH. Inhibitory effects of orally administered green tea, black tea, and caffeine on skin carcinogenesis in mice previously treated with ultraviolet B light (high-risk mice): Relationship to decreased tissue fat. Cancer Res. 61:5002-5009 (2001). Majumder B, Moir S, Wahle KJ, Heys SD. The effects of conjugated linoleic acid on the expression of key genes involved in the apoptotic pathway. Brit. J. Surg. 88:7-7 (Suppl. 1) (2001). McCarty MF. The chlorophyll metabolite phytanic acid is a natural rexinoid - potential for treatment and prevention of diabetes. Med. Hypotheses 56:217-219 (2001). Miner JL, Cederberg CA, Nielsen MK, Chen XL, Baile CA. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), body fat, and apoptosis. Obesity Res. 9:129-134 (2001). Mohan IK, Das UN. Prevention of chemically induced diabetes mellitus in experimental animals by polyunsaturated fatty acids. Nutrition 17:126-151 (2001). Moloney AP, Mooney MT, Kerry JP, Troy DJ. Producing tender and flavoursome beef with enhanced nutritional characteristics. P. Nutr. Soc. 60:221-229 (2001). Mossoba MM, Kramer JKG, Fritsche J, Yurawecz MP, Eulitz KD, Ku Y, Rader JI. Application of standard addition to eliminate conjugated linoleic acid and other interferences in the determination of total trans fatty acids in selected food products by infrared spectroscopy. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 78:631-634 (2001). Ogawa J, Matsumura K, Kishino S, Omura Y, Shimizu S. Conjugated linoleic acid accumulation via 10-hydroxy-12 octadecaenoic acid during microaerobic transformation of linoleic acid by Lactobacillus acidophilus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67:1246-1252 (2001). Pariza MW, Park Y, Cook ME. The biologically active isomers of conjugated linoleic acid. Prog. Lipid Res. 40:283-298 (2001). Park Y, Albright KJ, Cai ZY, Pariza MW. Comparison of methylation procedures for conjugated linoleic acid and artifact formation by commercial (trimethylsilyl)diazomethane. J. Agric. Food Chem. 49:1158-1164 (2001). Pighetti GM, Novosad W, Nicholson C, Hitt DC, Hansens C, Hollingsworth AB, Lerner ML, Brackett D, Lightfoot SA, Gimble JM. Therapeutic treatment of DMBA-induced mammary tumors with PPAR ligands. Anticancer Res. 21825-829 (2001). Precht D, Molkentin J, McGuire MA, McGuire MK, Jensen RG. Overestimates of oleic and linoleic acid contents in materials containing trans fatty acids and analyzed with short packed gas chromatographic columns. Lipids 36:213-216 (2001). Rahman SM, Wang YM, Yotsumoto H, Cha JY, Han SY, Inoue S, Yanagita T. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid on serum leptin concentration, body-fat accumulation, and beta-oxidation of fatty acid in OLETF rats. Nutrition 17:385-390 (2001). Rahman SM, Wang YM, Han SY, Cha JY, Fukuda N, Yotsumoto H, Yanagita T. Effects of short-term administration of conjugated linoleic acid on lipid metabolism in white and brown adipose tissues of starved/refed Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats. Food Res. Int. 34:515-520 (2001). Richter WO. Applications of fatty acid derivatives and antioxidants in dietary lipids. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 103:42-45 (2001). Rickert R, Steinhart H. Significance, analysis and occurrence of conjugated linoleic acid isomers (CLA) in foods. Ernahrungs-Umschau 48:4-+ (2001). Ritzenthaler KL, McGuire MK, Falen R, Shultz TD, Dasgupta N, McGuire MA. Estimation of conjugated linoleic acid intake by written dietary assessment methodologies underestimates actual intake evaluated by food duplicate methodology. J. Nutr. 131:1548-1554 (2001). Roche HM, Terres AM, Black IB, Gibney MJ, Kelleher D. Fatty acids and epithelial permeability: effect of conjugated linoleic acid in Caco-2 cells. Gut 48:797-802 (2001). Roche HM, Noone E, Nugent A, Gibney MJ. Conjugated linoleic acid: a novel therapeutic nutrient Nutr. Res. Rev. 14:173-187 (2001). Ryder JW, Portocarrero CP, Song XM, Cui L, Yu M, Combatsiaris T, Galuska D, Bauman DE, Barbano DM, Charron MJ, Zierath JR, Houseknecht KL. Isomer-specific antidiabetic properties of conjugated linoleic acid - Improved glucose tolerance, skeletal muscle insulin action, and UCP-2 gene expression. Diabetes 50:1149-1157 (2001). Samuelson G, Bratteby LE, Mohsen R, Vessby B. Dietary fat intake in healthy adolescents: inverse relationships between the estimated intake of saturated fatty acids and serum cholesterol. Br. J. Nutr. 85:333-341 (2001). Sell JL, Jin S, Jeffrey M. Metabolizable energy value of conjugated linoleic acid for broiler chicks and laying hens. Poultry Sci. 80:209-214 (2001). Sisk MB, Hausman DB, Martin RJ, Azain MJ. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid reduces adiposity in lean but not obese Zucker rats. J. Nutr. 131:1668-1674 (2001). Strzetelski J, Kowalczyk J, Osiegowski S, Stasiniewicz T, Lipiarska E, Pustkowiak H. Fattening bulls on maize silage and concentrate supplemented with vegetable oils. J. Anim. Feed Sci. 10:259-271 (2001). Suresh Y, Das UN. Protective action of arachidonic acid against alloxan induced cytotoxicity and diabetes mellitus. Prostag. Leukotr. Essential Fatty Acids 64:37-52 (2001). Suzuki R, Noguchi R, Ota T, Abe M, Miyashita K, Kawada T. Cytotoxic effect of conjugated trienoic fatty acids on mouse tumor and human monocytic leukemia cells. Lipids 36:477-482 (2001). Swan JE, Parrish FC, Wiegand BR, Larsen ST, Baas TJ, Berg EP. Total body electrical conductivity (TOBEC) measurement of compositional differences in hams, loins, and bellies from conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)-fed stress-genotype pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 79:1475-1482 (2001). Szymczyk B, Pisulewski P, Szczurek W, Hanczakowski P. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid on growth performance, feed conversion efficiency, and subsequent carcass quality in broiler chickens. Brit. J. Nutr. 85:465-473 (2001). Turnock L, Cook M, Steinberg H, Czuprynski C. Dietary supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid does not alter the resistance of mice to Listeria monocytogenes infection. Lipids 36:135-138 (2001). Watkins BA, Lippman HE, Le Bouteiller L, Li Y, Seifert MF. Bioactive fatty acids: role in bone biology and bone cell function. Prog. Lipid Res. 40(1-2):125-148 (2001). Wettstein HR, Scheeder MRL, Sutter F, Kreuzer M. Effect of lecithins partly replacing rumen-protected fat on fatty acid digestion and composition of cow milk. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 103:12-22 (2001). Whigham LD, Cook EB, Stahl JL, Saban R, Bjorling DE, Pariza MW, Cook ME. CLA reduces antigen-induced histamine and PGE(2) release from sensitized guinea pig tracheae. Am. J. Physiol. Reg. 280:R908-R912 (2001). Zhang D, Liang X, He XY, Alipui OD, Yang SY, Schulz H. delta3,5,delta2,4-dienoyl-CoA isomerase is a multifunctional isomerase. A structural and mechanistic study. J. Biol. Chem. 276:13622-13627 (2001). Adlof RO, Duval S, Emken EA. Biosynthesis of conjugated linoleic acid in humans. Lipids 35:131-135 (2000). Azain MJ, Hausman DB, Sisk MB, Flatt WP, Jewell DE. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid reduces rat adipose tissue cell size rather than cell number. J. Nutr. 130:1548-1554 (2000). Basu S, Smedman A, Vessby B. Conjugated linoleic acid induces lipid peroxidation in humans. FEBS Lett. 468(1):33-36 (2000). Basu S, Riserus U, Turpeinen A, Vessby B. Conjugated linoleic acid induces lipid peroxidation in men with abdominal obesity. Clin. Sci. 99(6):511-516 (2000). Bauman DE, Barbano DM, Dwyer DA, Griinari JM. Technical note: Production of butter with enhanced conjugated linoleic acid for use in biomedical studies with animal models. J. Dairy Sci. 83:2422-2425 (2000). Bauman, DE, Griinari JM. Regulation and nutritional manipulation of milk fat. In Biology of the Mammary Gland. J. A. Mol and R. A. Clegg (eds.). New York, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. Pp. 209-216 (2000). Bauman DE, Griinari JA. Historical perspective and recent developments in identifying the cause of diet-induced milk fat depression. In: Proc. Cornell Nutr. Conf. Feed Manuf. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Nutrition Conference (62nd). Pp. 191-202 (2000). Baumgard LH, Corl BA, Dwyer DA, Saebo A, Bauman DE. Identification of the conjugated linoleic acid isomer that inhibits milk fat synthesis. Am. J. Physiol. - Regulatory Integrative & Comparative Physiology 278:R179-R184 (2000). Baumgard LH, Corl BA, Bauman DE. Effect of CLA isomers on fat synthesis during growth and lactation. In: Proc. Cornell Nutr. Conf. Feed Manuf. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Nutrition Conference (62nd). Pp. 180-190 (2000). Bee G. Dietary conjugated linoleic acids alter adipose tissue and milk lipids of pregnant and lactating sows. J. Nutr. 130:2292-2298 (2000). Bee G. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid consumption during pregnancy and lactation influences growth and tissue composition in weaned pigs. J. Nutr. 130:2981-2989 (2000). Behr A, Fiene M, Naendrup F, Schurmann K. Transition-metal trifluoromethane-sulphonates - recyclable catalysts for the synthesis of branched fatty derivatives by Diels-Alder reactions at unsaturated fatty esters. European J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 102:342-350 (2000). Berven G, Bye A, Hals O, Blankson H, Fagertun H, Thom E, Wadstein J, Gudmundsen O. Safety of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in overweight or obese human volunteers. European J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 102:455-462 (2000). Bessa RJB, Santos-Silva J, Ribeiro JMR, Portugal AV. Reticulo-rumen biohydrogenation and the enrichment of ruminant edible products with linoleic acid conjugated isomers. Livestock Prod. Sci. 63:201-211 (2000). Blankson H, Stakkestad JA, Fagertun H, Thom E, Wadstein J, Gudmundsen O. Conjugated linoleic acid reduces body fat mass in overweight and obese humans. J. Nutr. 130:2943-2948 (2000). Buison A, Ordiz F, Pellizzon M, Jen KLC. Conjugated linoleic acid does not impair fat regain but alters IGF-1 levels in weigh-reduced rats. Nutr. Res. 20:1591-1601 (2000). Cannella C, Giusti AM. Conjugated linoleic acid - A natural anticarcinogenic substance from animal food. Italian J. Food Sci. 12:123-127 (2000). Casutt MM, Scheeder MRL, Ossowski DA, Sutter F, Sliwinski BJ, Danilo AA, Kreuzer M. Comparative evaluation of rumen-protected fat, coconut oil and various oilseeds supplemented to fattening bulls - 2. Effects on composition and oxidative stability of adipose tissues. Arch. Anim. Nutr. 53:25-44 (2000). Chilliard Y, Ferlay A, Mansbridge RM, Doreau M. Ruminant milk fat plasticity: nutritional control of saturated, polyunsaturated, trans and conjugated fatty acids. Annal. Zootech. 49:181-205 (2000). Choi YJ, Kim YC, Han YB, Park Y, Pariza MW, Ntambi JM. The trans-10,cis-12 isomer of conjugated linoleic acid downregulates stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 gene expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J. Nutr. 130:1920-1924 (2000). Corl BA, Baumgard LH, Bauman DE. Role of delta-9-desaturase in the synthesis of the anticarcinogenic isomer of CLA and other milk fatty acids. In: Proc. Cornell Nutr. Conf. Feed Manuf. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Nutrition Conference (62nd). Pp. 203-212 (2000). Cross RF, Ostrowska E, Muralitharan H, Dunshea FR. Mixed mode retention and the use of competing acid for the Ag+-HPLC analysis of underivatized conjugated linoleic acids. J. High Res. Chromatogr. 23:317-323 (2000). DeLany JP, West DB. Changes in body composition with conjugated linoleic acid. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 19:487S-493S (2000). Dhiman TR, Satter LD, Pariza MW, Galli MP, Albright K, Tolosa MX. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content of milk from cows offered diets rich in linoleic and linolenic acid. J. Dairy Sci. 83:1016-1027 (2000). Dhurandhar NV, Israel BA, Kolesar JM, Mayhew GF, Cook ME, Atkinson RL. Increased adiposity in animals due to a human virus. Int. J. Obesity 24:989-996 (2000). Ding ST, McNeel RL, Mersmann HJ. Conjugated linoleic acid increases the differentiatino of porcine adipocytes in vitro. Nutr. Res. 20:1569-1580 (2000). Donovan DC, Schingoethe DJ, Baer RJ, Ryali J, Hippen AR, Franklin ST. Influence of dietary fish oil on conjugated linoleic acid and other fatty acids in milk fat from lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 83:2620-2628 (2000). Du M, Ahn DU, Nam KC, Sell JL. Influence of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on volatile provirtuals, color and lipid oxidation of irradiated raw chicken meat. Meat Sci. 56(4):387-395 (2000). Du M, Ahn DU, Sell JL. Effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid and linoleic : linolenic acid ratio on polyunsaturated fatty acid status in laying hens. Poultry Sci. 79(12):1749-1756 (2000). Evans M, Geigerman C, Cook J, Curtis L, Kuebler B, McIntosh M. Conjugated linoleic acid suppresses triglyceride accumulation and induces apoptosis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Lipids 35:899-910 (2000). Flachowsky G. Content of conjugated linoleic acid in beef from organically raised cattle. Ernahrungs-Umschau 47:272 (2000). French P, Stanton C, Lawless F, O'Riordan EG, Monahan FJ, Caffrey PJ, Moloney AP. Fatty acid composition, including conjugated linoleic acid, of intramuscular fat from steers offered grazed grass, grass silage, or concentrate-based diets. J. Anim. Sci. 78(11):2849-2855 (2000). Fritsche J, Fritsche S, Solomon MB, Mossoba MM, Yurawecz MP, Morehouse K, Ku Y. Quantitative determination of conjugated linoleic acid isomers in beef fat. European J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 102:667-672 (2000). Garcia HS, Keough KJ, Arcos JA, Hill CG. Interesterification (acidolysis) of butterfat with conjugated linoleic acid in a batch reactor. J. Dairy Sci. 83(3):371-377 (2000). Garcia HS, Arcos JA, Ward DJ, Hill CG. Synthesis of glycerides containing n-3 fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid by solvent-free acidolysis of fish oil. Biotechnol. Bioengineer. 70(5):587-591 (2000). Gavino VC, Gavino G, Leblanc MJ, Tuchweber B. An isomeric mixture of conjugated linoleic acids but not pure cis-9,trans-11-octadecadienoic acid affects body weight gain and plasma lipids in hamsters. J. Nutr. 130:27-29 (2000). Gill HS, Cross ML. Anticancer properties of bovine milk Brit. J. Nutr. 84:S161-S166 (Suppl. 1) (2000). Glaser KR, Scheeder MRL, Wenk C. Dietary C18 : 1 trans fatty acids increase conjugated linoleic acid in adipose tissue of pigs. European J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 102:684-686 (2000). Griinari JM, Cori BA, Lacy SH, Chouinard PY, Nurmela KVV, Bauman DE. Conjugated linoleic acid is synthesized endogenously in lactating dairy cows by Delta(9)-desaturase. J. Nutr. 130:2285-2291 (2000). Gulati SK, Kitessa SM, Ashes JR, Fleck E, Byers EB, Byers YG, Scott TW. Protection of conjugated linoleic acids from ruminal hydrogenation and their incorporation into milk fat. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 86:139-148 (2000). Haumann P, Snell H. Influence of keeping method (indoors vs. biotope) on the meat performance of goat kids of different genotypes. Zuchtungskunde 72:308-318 (2000). Hubbard NE, Lim D, Summers L, Erickson KL. Reduction of murine mammary tumor metastasis by conjugated linoleic acid. Cancer Lett. 150:93-100 (2000). Igarashi M, Miyazawa T. Newly recognized cytotoxic effect of conjugated trienoic fatty acids on cultured human tumor cells. Cancer Lett. 148:173-179 (2000). Ip C, Ip MM, Loftus T, Shoemaker S, Shea-Eaton W. Induction of apoptosis by conjugated linoleic acid in cultured mammary tumor cells and premalignant lesions of the rat mammary gland. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prevent. 9:689-696 (2000). Jahreis G. Content of conjugated linoleic acid in beef from organically raised cattle. Ernahrungs-Umschau 47:271-272 (2000). Jahreis G, Kraft J, Tischendorf F, Schone F, von Loeffelholz C. Conjugated linoleic acids: Physiological effects in animal and man with special regard to body composition. European J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 102:695-703 (2000). Jones DF, Weiss WP, Palmquist DL. Short communication: Influence of dietary tallow and fish oil on milk fat composition. J. Dairy Sci. 83:2024-2026 (2000). Jones S, Ma DWL, Robinson FE, Field CJ, Clandinin MT. Isomers of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) are incorporated into egg yolk lipids by CLA-fed laying hens. J. Nutr. 130:2002-2005 (2000). Jun WJ, Yang HC, Cho BHS. Comparison of conjugated linoleic acid and linoleic acid on cytotoxicity, synthesis, and secretion of lipids in HepG2 cells. In Vitro Mol. Toxicol. 13:181-189 (2000). Kamlage B, Hartmann L, Gruhl B, Blaut M. Linoleic acid conjugation by human intestinal microorganisms is inhibited by glucose and other substrates in vitro and in gnotobiotic rats. J. Nutr. 130:2036-2039 (2000). Kelley DS, Taylor PC, Rudolph IL, Benito P, Nelson GJ, Mackey BE, Erickson KL. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid did not alter immune status in young healthy women. Lipids 35(10):1065-1071 (2000). Kim SJ, Park GB, Kang CB, Park SD, Jung MY, Kim JO, Ha YL. Improvement of oxidative stability of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) by microencapsulation in cyclodextrins. J. Agric. Food Chem. 48:3922-3929 (2000). >Kim YJ, Liu RH, Bond DR, Russell JB. Effect of linoleic acid concentration on conjugated linoleic acid production by Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens A38. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66:5226-5230 (2000). Kritchevsky D. Antimutagenic and some other effects of conjugated linoleic acid. Br. J. Nutr. 83:459-465 (2000). Kritchevsky D, Tepper SA, Wright S, Tso P, Czarnecki SK. Influence of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on establishment and progression of atherosclerosis in rabbits. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 19:472S-477S (2000). Latour MA, Devitt AA, Meunier RA, Stewart JJ, Watkins BA. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid. 1. Fatty acid modification of yolks and neonatal fatty acid metabolism. Poultry Sci. 79:817-821 (2000). Latour MA, Devitt AA, Meunier RA, Stewart JJ, Watkins BA. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid. 2. Embryonic and neonatal growth and circulating lipids. Poultry Sci. 79:822-826 (2000). Leung YH, Liu RH. trans-10,cis-12-conjugated linoleic acid isomer exhibits stronger oxyradical scavenging capacity than cis-9,trans-11-conjugated linoleic acid isomer. J. Agric. Food Chem. 48:5469-5475 (2000). Ledoux M, Laloux L, Sauvant D. Trans fatty acid isomers: origin and occurrence in food. Sci. Aliments 20(4-5):393-411 (2000). Lin TY. Conjugated linoleic acid concentration as affected by lactic cultures and additives. Food Chem. 69:27-31 (2000). Livisay SA, Zhou SY, Ip C, Decker EA. Impact of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on the oxidative stability of rat liver microsomes and skeletal muscle homogenates. J. Agric. Food Chem. 48:4162-4167 (2000). Lucchi L, Banni S, Melis MP, Angioni E, Carta G, Casu V, Rapana R, Ciuffreda A, Corongiu FP, Albertazzi A. Changes in conjugated linoleic acid and its metabolites in patients with chronic renal failure. Kidney Int. 58(4):1695-1702 (2000). MacDonald HB. Conjugated linoleic acid and disease prevention: A review of current knowledge. J Am Coll Nutr 19(2 Suppl S):111S-118S (2000). Martin JC, Gregoire S, Siess MH, Genty M, Chardigny JM, Berdeaux O, Juaneda P, Sebedio JL. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid isomers on lipid-metabolizing enzymes in male rats. Lipids 35:91-98 (2000). McCarty MF. Toward a wholly nutritional therapy for type 2 diabetes. Medical Hypotheses 54(3):483-487 (2000). McCarty MF. Toward practical prevention of type 2 diabetes.Medical Hypotheses 54(5):786-793 (2000). McCarty MF. Activation of PPARgamma may mediate a portion of the anticancer activity of conjugated linoleic acid. Medical Hypotheses 55(3):187-188 (2000). Medina EA, Horn WF, Keim NL, Havel PJ, Benito P, Kelley DS, Nelson GJ, Erickson KL. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation in humans: Effects on circulating leptin concentrations and appetite. Lipids 35:783-788 (2000). Mir Z, Rushfeldt ML, Mir PS, et al. Effect of dietary supplementation with either conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) or linoleic acid rich oil on the CLA content of lamb tissues. Small Ruminant Res. 36:25-31(2000). Mir Z, Paterson LJ, Mir PS. Fatty acid composition and conjugated linoleic acid content of intramuscular fat in crossbred cattle with and without Wagyu genetics fed a barley-based diet. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 80:195-197 (2000). Molkentin J. Occurrence and biochemical characteristics of natural bioactive substances in bovine milk lipids. Brit. J. Nutr. 84:S47-S53 (Suppl. 1) (2000). Morales MS, Palmquist DL, Weiss WP. Effects of fat source and copper on unsaturation of blood and milk triacylglycerol fatty acids in Holstein and Jersey cows. J. Dairy Sci. 83:2105-2111 (2000). Morales MS, Palmquist DL, Weiss WP. Milk fat composition of Holstein and Jersey cows with control or depleted copper status and fed whole soybeans or tallow. J. Dairy Sci. 83:2112-2119 (2000). Muller HL, Kirchgessner M, Roth FX, Stangl GI. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on energy metabolism in growing-finishing pigs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 83(2):85-94 (2000). Nikolova-Damyanova B, Momchilova S, Christie WW. Silver ion high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of conjugated linoleic acid isomers, and other fatty acids, after conversion to p-methoxyphenacyl derivatives. J. High Res. Chromatogr. 23:348-352 (2000). Ohshita K, Nakajima Y, Yamakoshi J, Kataoka S, Kikuchi M, Pariza MW. Safety evaluation of yeast glutaminase. Food Chem. Toxicol. 38:661-670 (2000). O'Quinn PR, Andrews BS, Goodband RD, Unruh JA, Nelssen JL, Woodworth JC, Tokach MD, Owen KQ. Effects of modified tall oil and creatine monohydrate on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of growing-finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 78:2376-2382 (2000). O'Quinn PR, Nelssen JL, Goodband RD, Unruh JA, Woodworth JC, Smith JS, Tokach MD. Effects of modified tall oil versus a commercial source of conjugated linoleic acid and increasing levels of modified tall oil on growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 78:2359-2368 (2000). O'Quinn PR, Nelssen JL, Goodband RD, Tokach MD. Conjugated linoleic acid. Anim. Health Res. Rev. 1(1):35-46 (2000). O'Shea M, Devery R, Lawless F, Keogh K, Stanton C. Enrichment of the conjugated linoleic acid content of bovine milk fat by dry fractionation. Int. Dairy J. 10:289-294 (2000). O'Shea M, Devery R, Lawless F, Murphy J, Stanton C. Milk fat conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) inhibits growth of human mammary MCF-7 cancer cells. Anticancer Res. 20(5B):3591-3601 (2000 ). Ostrowska E, Dunshea FR, Muralitharan M, Cross RF. Comparison of silver-ion high-performance liquid chromatographic quantification of free and methylated conjugated linoleic acids. Lipids 35(10):1147-1153 (2000). Pardos SC, Torre PD, Sanchez-Muniz FJ. CLA antioxidant or prooxidant Grasas Aceites 51:268-274 (2000). Pariza, MW, Park Y, Cook ME. Mechanisms of action of conjugated linoleic acid: evidence and speculation. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 223:8-13 (2000). Park Y, Allen KGD, Shultz TD. Modulation of MCF-7 breast cancer cell signal transduction by linoleic acid and conjugated linoleic acid in culture. Anticancer Res. 20:669-676 (2000). Park Y, Storkson JM, Ntambi JM, Cook ME, Sih CJ, Pariza MW. Inhibition of hepatic stearoyl-CoA desaturase activity by trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid and its derivatives. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1486:285-292 (2000). Pastushenko V, Matthes HD, Schellenberg J. Conjugated linoleic acid contents in beef of cattle of organic farming. Ernahrungs-Umschau 47:146-+ (2000). Pastushenko V, Matthes HHD. Content of conjugated linoleic acid in beef from organically raised cattle. Ernahrungs-Umschau 47:272-274 (2000). Petrik MBH, McEntee MF, Johnson BT, Obukowicz MG, Whelan J. Highly unsaturated (n-3) fatty acids, but not alpha-linolenic, conjugated linoleic or gamma-linolenic acids, reduce tumorigenesis in Apc(Min/+) mice. J. Nutr. 130(10):2434-2443 (2000). Pfeuffer M, Schrezenmeir J. Bioactive substances in milk with properties decreasing risk of cardiovascular diseases. Brit. J. Nutr. 84: S155-S159 (Suppl. 1) (2000). Piperova LS, Teter BB, Bruckental I, Sampugna J, Mills SE, Yurawecz MP, Fritsche J, Ku K, Erdman RA. Mammary lipogenic enzyme activity, trans fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids are altered in lactating dairy cows fed a milk fat-depressing diet. J. Nutr. 130(10):2568-2574 (2000). Precht D, Molkentin J. Recent trends in the fatty acid composition of German sunflower margarines, shortenings and cooking fats with emphasis on individual C16:1, C18:1, C18:2, C18:3 and C20:1 trans isomers. Nahrung-Food 44:222-228 (2000). Precht D, Molkentin J. Identification and quantitation of cis/trans C16 : 1 and C17 : 1 fatty acid positional isomers in German human milk lipids by thin-layer chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. European J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 102:102-113 (2000). Precht D, Molkentin J. Trans unsaturated fatty acids in bovine milk fat and dairy products. European J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 102:635-640 (2000). Precht D, Molkentin J. Frequency distributions of conjugated linoleic acid and trans fatty acid contents in European bovine milk fats. Milchwissenschaft - Milk Sci. Int. 55(12):687-691 (2000). Randich A, Tyler WJ, Cox JE, Meller ST, Kelm GR, Bharaj SS. Responses of celiac and cervical vagal afferents to infusions of lipids in the jejunum or ileum of the rat. Am. J. Physiol. - Regulatory Integrative & Comparative Physiology 278:R34-R43 (2000). Roach JAG, Yurawecz MP, Kramer JKG, Mossoba MM, Eulitz K, Ku Y. Gas chromatography-high resolution selected-ion mass spectrometric identification of trace 21:0 and 20:2 fatty acids eluting with conjugated linoleic acid isomers. Lipids 35:797-802 (2000). Robinson NP, MacGibbon AKH. Determination of the conjugated linoleic acid-containing triacylglycerols in New Zealand bovine milk fat. Lipids 35:789-796 (2000). Rogelj I. Milk, dairy products, nutrition and health. Food Technol. Biotechnol. 38:143-147 (2000). Romero P, Rizvi SSH, Kelly ML, Bauman DE. Concentration of conjugated linoleic acid from milk fat with a continuous supercritical fluid processing system. J. Dairy Sci. 83:20-22 (2000). Ross RP, Stanton C, Hill C, Fitzgerald GF, Coffey A. Novel cultures for cheese improvement. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 11(3):96-104 (2000). Santora JE, Palmquist DL, Roehrig KL. Trans-vaccenic acid is desaturated to conjugated linoleic acid in mice. J. Nutr. 130:208-215 (2000). Scheeder MRL, Glaser KR, Eichenberger B, Wenk C. Influence of different fats in pig feed on fatty acid composition of phospholipids and physical meat quality characteristics. European J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 102:391-401 (2000). Schrezenmeir J, Jagla A. Milk and diabetes [Review]. J Am Coll Nutr 19(2 Suppl S):176S-190S (2000). Scimeca JA, Miller GD. Potential health benefits of conjugated linoleic acid. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 19:470S-471S (2000). Sehanputri PS, Hill CG. Biotechnology for the production of nutraceuticals enriched in conjugated linoleic acid: II. Multiresponse kinetics of the hydrolysis of corn oil by a Pseudomonas sp. lipase immobilized in a hollow-fiber reactor. Biotechnol. Bioengineer. 69:450-456 (2000). Simon O, Manner K, Schafer K, Sagredos A, Eder K. Effects of conjugated linoleic acids on protein to fat proportions, fatty acids, and plasma lipids in broilers. European J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 102:402-410 (2000). Stasiniewicz T. Strzetelski J. Kowalczyk J. Osieglowski S. Pustkowiak H. Performance and meat quality of fattening bulls fed complete feed with rapeseed oil cake or linseed. J. Anim. Feed Sci. 9:283-296 (2000). Sugano M, Koga T, Yamada K. Lipids and immunology. Asia Pacific J. Clin. Nutr. 9:146-152 (2000). Szymczyk B, Pisulewski P, Szczurek W, Hanczakowski P. The effects of feeding conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on rat growth performance, serum lipoproteins and subsequent lipid composition of selected rat tissues. J. Sci. Food Agric. 80:1553-1558 (2000). Thuillier P, Anchiraico GJ, Nickel KP, Maldve RE, Gimenez-Conti I, Muga SJ, Liu KL, Fischer SM, Belury MA. Activators of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha partially inhibit mouse skin tumor promotion. Mol. Carcinogen. 29(3):134-142 (2000). Tsuboyama-Kasaoka N, Takahashi M, Tanemura K, Kim HJ, Tange T, Okuyama H, Kasai M, Ikemoto S, Ezaki O. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation reduces adipose tissue by apoptosis and develops lipodystrophy in mice. Diabetes 49:1534-1542 (2000). Twibell RG, Watkins BA, Rogers L, et al. Effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acids on hepatic and muscle lipids in hybrid striped bass. Lipids 35:155-161 (2000). Warwel S, Borgdorf R. Substrate selectivity of lipases in the esterification of cis/trans-isomers and positional isomers of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). Biotechnol. Lett. 22:1151-1155 (2000). Watkins BA, Seifert MF. Conjugated linoleic acid and bone biology. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 19:478S-486S (2000). West DB, Blohm FY, Truettt AA, DeLany JP. Conjugated linoleic acid persistently increases total energy expenditure in AKR/J mice without increasing uncoupling protein gene expression. J. Nutr. 130(10):2471-2477 (2000). Whigham LD, Cook ME, Atkinson RL. Conjugated linoleic acid: Implications for human health. Pharmacol. Res. 42(6):503-510 (2000). Williams CM. Dietary fatty acids and human health. Annal. Zootech. 49:165-180 (2000). Wilson TA, Nicolosi RJ, Chrysam M, Kritchevsky D. Conjugated linoleic acid reduces early aortic atherosclerosis greater than linoleic acid in hypercholesterolemic hamsters. Nutr. Res. 20(12):1795-1805 (2000). Wolfrum C, Spener F. Fatty acids as regulators of lipid metabolism. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 102(12):746-762 (2000). Yamasaki M, Kishihara K, Mansho K, Ogino Y, Kasai M, Sugano M, Tachibana H, Yamada K. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid increases immunoglobulin productivity of Sprague-Dawley rat spleen lymphocytes. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 64(10):2159-2164 (2000). Yamasaki M, Mansho K, Ogino Y, Kasai M, Tachibana H, Yamada K. Acute reduction of serum leptin level by dietary conjugated linoleic acid in Sprague-Dawley rats. J. Nutr. Biochem. 11:467-471 (2000). Yamasaki M, Mansho K, Mishima H, Kimura G, Sasaki M, Kasai M, Tachibana H, Yamada K. Effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on lipid peroxidation and histological change in rat liver tissues. J. Agric. Food Chem. 48:6367-6371 (2000). Yang L, Leung LK, Huang Y, Chen ZY. Oxidative stability of conjugated linoleic acid isomers. J. Agric. Food Chem. 48:3072-3076 (2000). Yang MD, Pariza MW, Cook ME. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid protects against end stage disease of systemic lupus erythematosus in the NZB/W F1 mouse. Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol. 22:433-449 (2000). Yeung CHT, Yang L, Huang Y, Wang J, Chen ZY. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid mixture affects the activity of intestinal acyl coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase in hamsters. Brit. J. Nutr. 84:935-941 (2000). Zambell KL, Keim NL, Van Loan MD, Gale B, Benito P, Kelley DS, Nelson GJ. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation in humans: Effects on body composition and energy expenditure. Lipids 35:777-782 (2000).
Disclaimer: The information on this website is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease or to provide personal medical advice, which should be obtained from a medical professional. The author and publisher are not providing medical, psychological, or nutritional counseling services. Liability for individual actions based upon the contents of this site is expressly disclaimed. This information has not been evaluated or approved by the U.S. FDA. Affiliate Disclosure: The website author will earn an affiliate commission if you purchase any products from any of the links on this site. There is no additional cost to the purchaser. |
