 |
Advanced Health and Life Extension |
| Affiliate Disclosure: Purchasing products through links on this website will earn the author a commission at no additional cost to the purchaser. |
High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)Essential hypertension, or primary hypertension, is high blood pressure that doesn't have a known secondary cause. Most cases of high blood pressure are classified as essential hypertension. Secondary hypertension is high blood pressure that has an identifiable cause, such as kidney disease. The information in this article is intended to convey a perspective on the lifestyle changes and nutritional and herbal supplements that may be beneficial in managing high blood pressure associated with primary hypertension. This article describes the approximate change in blood pressure that may be achieved with each lifestyle change and nutritional supplement. These numbers are based on contemporary medical and scientific literature. Be aware that these numbers can change as more research accumulates. Also be aware that not all published literature is in agreement. Also be aware that individual health conditions and physiology is variable and there are many variables. Your results may be different. About Blood PressureBlood pressure (BP) is the pressure of circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels. Blood pressure usually refers to the pressure in the large arteries of the systemic circulation. Blood pressure is usually expressed in terms of the systolic pressure (maximum during one heart beat) over diastolic pressure (minimum in between two heart beats) and is measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg). Blood pressure is influenced by cardiac output, total peripheral resistance and arterial stiffness and varies depending on situation, emotional state, activity, and relative health/disease states. In the short term, blood pressure is regulated by baroreceptors which act via the brain to influence the activity of the nervous and endocrine systems. The regulation of arterial blood pressure is not completely understood, but the following mechanisms have been well characterized: The Baroreceptor ReflexBaroreceptors detect changes in arterial pressure. High pressure baroreceptors send signals ultimately to the medulla of the brain stem. The medulla, by way of the autonomic nervous system, adjusts the mean arterial pressure by altering both the force and speed of the heart's contractions, as well as the systemic vascular resistance. The most important arterial baroreceptors are located in the left and right carotid sinuses and in the aortic arch. The Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS)The Renin-Angiotensin System affects the long-term adjustment of arterial pressure. This system allows the kidneys to compensate for loss in blood volume or drops in arterial pressure by activating an endogenous vasoconstrictor known as angiotensin II. Aldosterone ReleaseAldosterone is released from the adrenal cortex in response to angiotensin II or high serum potassium levels. Aldosterone stimulates sodium retention and potassium excretion by the kidneys. Since sodium is the main ion that determines the amount of fluid in the blood vessels by osmosis, aldosterone will increase fluid retention, and indirectly, arterial pressure. Low Pressure BaroreceptorsBaroreceptors in the venae cavae, pulmonary veins, and the atria generate feedback by regulating the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH/Vasopressin), renin and aldosterone. The resultant increase in blood volume results in an increased cardiac output in turn increasing arterial blood pressure. What Causes High Blood PressureThere are multiple physiological mechanisms that influence blood pressure. This is a very condensed summary of some of them. Arterial stiffness contributes to high blood pressure. Arterial stiffness generally increases with age. It is also influenced by diet and other lifestyle factors. Vasoconstriction increases blood pressure. The smooth muscles surrounding the blood vessels can contract causing the blood vessels to narrow and the blood pressure to rise. The signals telling the smooth muscles to contract come from the nervous and endocrine systems. The signals are generated by short and long term stress. The stress can be physical, emotional or mental, environmental and chemical. Nicotine is a vasoconstrictor. Smoking increases blood pressure. Artrial narrowing from wall thickening and cholesterol and calcium deposits on the arterial walls can raise blood pressure. This condition known as arteriosclerosis. Aging, diet, lack of exercise and oxidative stress contribute to the development of arteriosclrosis. Excess body weight increases blood pressure. More tissue requires increased blood volume which requires more blood pressure. Excess fluid retention increases blood pressure. This can be caused by an excess intake of sodium, a deficiency of potassium and especially an imbalance in the sodium to potassium ratio. Too much alcohol consumption increases blood pressure. Lack of physical activity us associated with high blood pressure. During physical activity, blood vessels dilate to make blood flow easier. This has both a transitory and cumulative effect. Good health and normal blood pressure are strongly enhanced by exercise and physical activity. Blood pressure can be increased by the presence of kidney, thyroid and adrenal diseases and disorders. This is why it is important to have a physicians evaluation, for differential diagnosis and evaluation of treatent and management options. Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure ReadingsThe classification of blood pressure readings for adults is as follows: Hypotension (blood pressure lower than normal) is indicated when the systolic pressure is less than 90 and/or the diastolic pressure is less than 60. The blood pressure is considered normal when the systolic pressure is between 90-119 and the diastolic pressure is 60-79. Some sources indicate that systolic blood pressure readings up to 129 and diastolic readings up to 84 are normal. Prehypertension (high normal) is indicated when the systolic pressure is 120-129 and the diastolic pressure is 60-79. Some sources suggest that systolic pressure in prehypertension can be as high as 139 and diastolic pressure can be as high as 89. The trend is to use the lower numbers. Research indicated that lower blood pressure is associated with greater longevity, Stage 1 hypertension is indicated when the systolic pressure is 130-139 and diastolic pressure is 80-89. Some sources suggest systolic readings of 140-159 and diastolic pressure of 90-99. Again, the trend is to use the lower numbers. Stage 2 hypertension is indicated when the systolic pressure is 160-179 and diastolic pressure is 100-109. Some sources suggest systolic readings greater than 140 and diastolic readings greater than 90. When the systolic pressure exceeds 180 and the diastolic pressure exceeds 110 a hypertensive urgency is indicated and medical care should be sought immediately. Measuring Blood PressureIt is important for individuals to monitor their own blood pressure outside the doctor's office. Blood pressure is affected by many variables including age, health status, stress, physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, diet, etc. Self monitoring helps individuals control their own blood pressure. Providing this information to your doctor provides a better blood pressure profile than a spot check at the office. Electronic blood pressure cuffs are available everywhere. Their readings are consistent and good enough for home use. The gold standard in accuracy remains the use of a stethoscope and analog blood pressure cuff. A tutorial on the measurement of blood pressure can be found here: A video tutorial on blood pressure measurement can be viewed here: Youtube Video of Measuring Blood Pressure Reducing High Blood Pressure without MedicationHigh blood pressure is a health risk. Reducing blood pressure when it is too high is a health and wellness priority. If you monitor your own blood pressure, you will know when it gets too high. If you have high blood pressure, it is advisable to consult your physician to rule out secondary causes and secure professional guidance in your chosen treatment plan. Lifestyle changes can reduce blood pressure. The role of lifestyle changes is well estblished, universally recommended and not medically controversial. These include dietary change, appropriate exercise, weight loss, reduction or elimination of alcohol and nicotine consumption and stress management. It is important to start a blood pressure reduction plan by making appropriate lifestyle changes. Doing so will remove some of the causes of high blood pressure. Without reducing or eliminating the cause, the effect of medications and supplements will be limited or negated. There are a number of medications that reduce blood pressure by a variety of mechanisms. Medications also have side effects. Your doctor sometimes has to make some tough choices in deciding when the benefits outweigh the risks of particular medications. There are several foods and nutritional supplements which also have some blood pressure reducing effects. These may not be as strong acting as the prescription medications, but they generally also have less or no side effects. The combination of lifestyle changes and the use of diet and nutritional supplements that support a healthy blood pressure is sufficient to manage essential hypertension for many, but not all. The nutritional supplements described in the sections below have demonstrated the capability of lowering blood pressure. The numbers quoted are derived from articles published in peer reviewed journals. It is important to note that not all published peer reviewed articles are in complete agreement. The numbers may change as more research accumulates. There are also a large number of variables that can affect results. Individual states of health and physiology are variable and results may vary. Personal note: In my own blood pressure management protocol, I was able to reduce my blood pressure from a systolic level in the mid 150's to around 125-130 and diastolic from around 90 to under 80. I do not smoke, drink alcohol or use caffeine. I am also not taking any medications. I exercise, restrict salt, follow a dietary pattery approximating the DASH diet, and use nutritional supplements. My supplement regimen includes potassium, magnesium, Omega-3 fish oil, olive leaf extract, COQ-10 and others. More details are included in the text below. Individual results will vary. None of this information is intended to be taken as medical advise or as a substitute for medical advice. I strongly advise everyone to seek medical advice and coordinate all of your health care actions with your physician. SaltIn basic chemistry, a salt is a compound formed by combining an acid and a base. The word salt used in common language is sodium chloride or common table salt. Human blood contains a combination of sodium chloride and potassium chloride. The relative concentration of the two and their ratio is of critical importance to the function of the nervous system. Both sodium and potassium are required for the human body to function and sustain life. Salt (sodium) is an essential nutrient that is necessary for life. Potassium is also an essential nutrient that is necessary for life. The ratio between the two is critical for normal body function and good health. Some lines of research suggest that potassium levels, and more importantly, the sodium to potassium ratio is more important in influencing blood pressure than salt consumption. Salt (sodium) is a common food additive. Salt is added to processed food as a flavor enhancer. Our kidneys excrete excess amounts as necessary to maintain the critical sodium to potassium ratio. When the intake of sodium and potassium is out of balance, the kidneys can become stressed when attempting to correct the imbalance. Higher concentrations of salt (sodium) in the blood leads to increased blood pressure. This happens because increased salt concentration in the blood forces the kidneys to retain water to keep the blood sodium at the correct levels. This in turn raises blood pressure. According to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), the RDA of sodium is a maximum of 2300 mg. (one teaspoon or 6 grams of salt). According to the American Heart Association (AHA), the RDA of sodium is a maximum of 1500 mg. (0.75 teaspoons or 3.75 grams of salt). In contrast, the average American consumes approximately 3.5 grams of sodium (8.75 grams of salt) per day. Normal results for blood tests of sodium concentration are 135 to 145 millimoles per liter (mmol/L) according to the Mayo Clinic. But different laboratories use different values for "normal." Although rare, it is possible to have a sodium deficiency. When the levels of sodium in the blood are low, it's known as hyponatremia. Symptoms include cognitive issues, dizziness, fatigue, headache, muscle spasms, nausea and vomiting and seizures. Symptoms generally occur when there is excessive loss of sodium or excessive fluid compared to sodium. It most commonly occurs as a result of excessive sweating, severe diarrhea or vomiting. Some individuals have an increased sensitivity to sodium. Sensitive populations include adults over 50, African Americans or those diagnosed with hypertension, diabetes or chronic kidney disease. In 33 trials lasting five weeks or longer those aged 50-59 years who reduced their salt intake by 3 grams per day experienced a reduction in systolic blood pressure of an average of 5 mm Hg. Those with high blood pressure experienced a reduction in systolic blood pressure of 7 mm Hg. Diastolic blood pressure was lowered by half as much. Reducing salt requires changes in diet. In particular it means eating less processed food. In an average diet, about 20 percent of individual salt consumption comes from the salt shaker and cooking. The rest is consumed as an additive to processed food. Reducing the use of processed food requires a change of lifestyle. It means that one prepares more of their own meals with reduced or no salt content. This action combined with the consumption of more vegetables and fruits to increase potassium intake is the most effective way to achieve an improvement in blood pressure. The DASH diet is a dietary pattery designed for improved heart and cardiovascular health. It is a good general pattern to follow for reducing sodium and increasing potassium intake. PotassiumAccording to a 1985 article in The New England Journal of Medicine, titled "Paleolithic Nutrition," our ancient ancestors consumed about 11,000 milligrams (mg) of potassium per day, and about 700 mg of sodium. This equates to nearly 16 times more potassium than sodium. Compare that to the Standard American Diet where daily potassium consumption averages about 2,500 mg (the RDA is 4,700 mg/day), along with 3,600 mg of sodium. Potassium is a major intracellular ion and also plays a key role in the sodium pump (also called the sodium-potassium pump) that regulates key body processes. This pump moves three sodium ions out of the cell and two potassium ions into the cell, which then allows for nutrients and metabolites and ions to move across the cellular membrane. This also regulates cellular volume. Potassium is involved in blood pressure regulation, bone health, heart contraction and muscle contraction. According to the Mayo Clinic, a normal blood potassium level is 3.6 to 5.2 millimoles per liter (mmol/L). Potassium deficiency occurs when blood levels drop below 3.5 millimoles per liter (mmol/L). The most common causes are chronic diarrhea and excessive use of laxatives or diuretics, although certain illnesses also increase the risk of low potassium levels. Potassium deficiency symptoms include constipation, excessive thirst, heart palpitations, low blood pressure, muscle weakness, cramping, numbness, tingling, vomiting and nausea. A very low potassium level (less than 2.5 mmol/L) can be life-threatening and requires urgent medical attention. The adequate intake of potassium is 4.7g/day for adults. The number is lower for children and young teenagers and higher for lactating women. The average potassium intake in American adults is 2,800 mg per day. The most direct way to increase potassium intake is to include more vegetables and fruits in the diet. Sports drinks and electrolyte mixes also contain potassium. Blood pressure medications can interact with and affect potassium levels. If you are taking medications, consult with your physician before taking potassium supplements. Personal note: In my own blood pressure management protocol, I use dietary management to reduce salt intake and I sometimes use the EmergenC Electrolyte mix to augment potassium intake. Each packet contains 400 mg of potassium. The combination does appear (subjective opinion) to have a positive effect. Potassium with Extend-Release Magnesium (Product Link to - Life Extension Foundation) CaffeineCaffeine can cause vasoconstriction and can magnify the effects of stress in raising blood pressure. The effect is variable, affecting different individuals differently. For those who consume caffeine regularly, the body adapts to its presence and increases in blood pressure may be negligible. For some individuals, caffeine consumption may cause a systolic blood pressure increase of approximately 10 mm Hg. For individuals who need to reduce their blood pressure, caffeine avoidance is one important step to take. This is especially true for those who are experiencing any form of physical or psychological stress. If you consume coffee or other caffeinated beverages and need to reduce your blood pressure, you can assess your sensitivity to caffeine by taking before and after blood pressure measurements. Alcohol ConsumptionDrinking too much alcohol can raise blood pressure. Heavy drinkers who cut back to moderate drinking can lower their systolic blood pressure by 2 - 4 mm Hg and their diastolic blood pressure by 1 - 2 mm Hg. Heavy drinkers who abruptly stop drinking risk developing severe high blood pressure for several days. They should, therefore, taper off over a period of one to two weeks. Moderate alcohol consumption is generally considered to be:
A drink is defined as 12 ounces (355 milliliters) of beer, 5 ounces (148 milliliters) of wine or 1.5 ounces (44 milliliters) of 80-proof distilled spirits. Alcohol is a refined carbohydrate and high in calories. Count the carbs if you are watching your weight. SmokingThe nicotine in tobacco products cause the nervous system to release chemicals that cause vasoconstriction and high blood pressure. Smoking causes an immediate spike in blood pressure and can raise systolic blood pressure by as much as 5 to 10 mm Hg. When an individual stops smoking, the effect on blood pressure reverses. Sometimes it takes as long as a year for the reversal to become complete. Smoking also causes long-term oxidative damage to blood vessels. This, in turn, increases the risk of developing stroke, heart disease, and heart attack. Stopping smoking and the avoidance of all forms of nicotine are important steps in reducing high blood pressure and reducing the risk of cardiovascular and other diseases. ExerciseRegular exercise has been associated with average reductions in blood pressure of 3.2 to 3.8 mm Hg (systolic) and 2.6 to 3.5 mm Hg (diastolic) in thousands of subjects across many studies. If you have high blood pressure, regular physical activity can lower your blood pressure by about 5 to 8 mm Hg. Regular physical activity consists of a minimum of 150 minutes per week, or about 30 minutes most days of the week. If you stop exercising, your blood pressure can rise again. Current research indicates that, in general, more exercise is better and it is really hard to get too much. If you need to reduce your blood pressure, regular exercise is a necessary part of the program. Personal note: In my own blood pressure management protocol, I use exercise as a core therapy. By using before and after blood pressure measurements, I observe a significantly higher reduction in blood pressure than the numbers quoted above. There appears to be a persistent affect if one exercises regularly. Weight LossBlood pressure increases as weight increases. This is only logical since the body has more tissue to supply with blood and the heart has to work harder to do so. This raises blood pressure. Losing even a small amount of weight if you're overweight or obese can help reduce your blood pressure. In general, you may reduce your blood pressure by about 1 millimeter of mercury (mm Hg) with each kilogram (about 2.2 pounds) of weight you lose. A reduction of systolic blood pressure by 5 to 20 mm Hg accompanying weight loss has been observed in several studies. The waistline also matters. In general, men are at risk of increased blood pressure when their waist circumference is greater than 40 inches (102 centimeters). In general, women are at risk of increased blood pressure if their waist circumference is greater than 35 inches (89 centimeters). These numbers vary between individuals. Caloric RestrictionCaloric restriction is the long-term reduction of dietary calories while still consuming adequate amounts of essential nutrients. Clinical studies generally restrict calorie intake by 10-30% compared with normal energy consumption. Caloric restriction studies have demonstrated benefit for blood pressure, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, heart disease, and possibly cancer prevention. Studies of long-term caloric restriction in many species have demonstrated that it extends life and retards age-related diseases. Caloric restriction's benefits are mediated through multiple physiologic pathways. Even modest weight loss induced by caloric restriction results in improvement in arterial stiffness superior to that achieved by resistance training exercise. During a two-year clinical caloric restriction trial in which participants consumed 1750-2100 calories per day, systolic blood pressure dropped by 25 percent and diastolic blood pressure dropped by 22 percent. QuercetinQuercetin is a plant pigment flavonoid found in many fruits and vegetables. Increased quercetin intake is linked to reduced cardiovascular disease. Studies in animals and humans have shown that quercetin supplementation lowers blood pressure. Quercetin is thought to lower blood pressure through multiple mechanisms, including functioning as an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB). Angiotensin causes the narrowing of blood vessels and raises blood pressure. Some blood pressure lowering medications are angiotensin receptor blockers. The blood-pressure-lowering capacity of quercetin has been observed in several clinical trials. Quercetin doses of 150-162 mg. per day for six to eight weeks lowered blood pressure from 2.6 to 5.7 mm Hg. Optimized Quercetin (Product Link to - Life Extension Foundation) Bio Quercetin (Product Link to - Life Extension Foundation) Myricetin and MyricitrinMyricetin is a flavonoid present in vegetables, fruits, nuts, berries, tea, and red wine. Myricitrin is converted to myricetin by intestinal flora. It appears that myricetin functions as an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB). Both myricetin and myricitrin have anti-inflammatory properties. In an uncontrolled pilot clinical study on diabetics with normal blood pressure, 600 mg of the myricitrin-containing herb Eugenia punicifolia daily for three months led to an 11 mm Hg reduction in systolic blood pressure and a 6 mm Hg reduction in diastolic blood pressure. Triple Action Blood Pressure (Product Link to - Life Extension Foundation) Stevioside (Stevia)Stevioside is commonly known as a sweetener. In South America and Asia, extracts of the Stevia plant have been used traditionally to control blood sugar levels. Preclinical evidence has shown that stevioside may help control blood pressure by functioning as a calcium channel blocker. Calcium channel blockers prevent calcium from entering cells of the heart and blood vessel walls thereby relaxing and widening the blood vessels and lowering the blood pressure. Some blood pressure lowering medications are calcium channel blockers. A 2015 meta-analysis of data from published studies that used dosages of 750 to 1,500 mg daily for one year found that stevioside reduced diastolic blood pressure by nearly 12 mm Hg and reduced systolic blood pressure by 4.5 mm Hg. Triple Action Blood Pressure (Product Link to - Life Extension Foundation) MelatoninMelatonin is a hormone that the pineal gland releases at night to promote restful sleep and help regulate circadian rhythm. In addition to promoting sleep, melatonin helps regulate blood pressure. Peripherally, melatonin helps relax blood vessels and promote vasodilation, which reduces blood pressure. Melatonin can also reduce blood pressure by inhibiting the sympathetic nervous system. In a 2011 meta-analysis of data from seven studies , 2?3 mg of controlled release melatonin at bedtime reduced nocturnal systolic blood pressure by 6 mm Hg, and nocturnal diastolic pressure by 3.5 mm Hg. Melatonin supplementation is not for everyone. While melatonin supplements are considered generally safe for most adults, sensitive individuals may feel a mild after affect when using melatonin. Individuals with seizure disorders, depression, bleeding disorders, and those taking high blood pressure medications or immunosuppressing medications should avoid melatonin or seek medical advice. Melatonin Products (Product Link to - Life Extension Foundation) Omega-3 Fish OilOmega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in fish oil inhibits inflammation, improves signaling across cell membranes, and regulates membrane ion channels to prevent fatal arrhythmias. It also reduces blood pressure. Blood Pressure reductions have been documented in multiple clinical trials. The researchers found that, for those with high blood pressure, the average systolic blood pressure decreased by 4.51 mm Hg in people who took DHA and EPA. Diastolic blood pressure decreased by an average of 3.05 mm Hg. Among those without hypertension, systolic blood pressure decreased by 1.75 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure was lowered by 1.1 mm Hg. The dosages used ranged from 2 grams per day to 3.75 grams per day. Fish oil can have anti-coagulant effects. Those who bruise easily, have any bleeding disorder, are taking anti-coagulant medications or are anticipating surgery should consult a physician before taking fish oil supplements. Personal note: In my own health maintenance program, I use omega-3 fish oil. I cannot offer a personal assessment on how it affects blood pressure. I use it as a general health supplement for its multiple health benefits. In particular, I use it in combination with the trace element boron to reduce inflamation and arthritis symptoms. The combination appears to be more effective (and often more cost effective) for my arthritis symptoms (subjective opinion)than any other natural product or combination of products. I am not using any medications. The product that I use is the Super Omega-3 EPA DHA with Sesame Lignans and Olive Extract (links below). Omega-3 Products (Product Link to - Life Extension Foundation) Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10)Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a fat soluble vitamin-like substance that occurs naturally in the human body. It facilitates energy production in cellular mitochondria. It is an anti-oxidant and may facilitate nitric oxide dependent vasodilation. CoQ10 may also boost production and increase tissue sensitivity of prostacyclin, a potent vasodilator and anti-coagulant. An in-depth review of randomized controlled trials, the use of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) for a minimum of three weeks resulted in an average decrease in systolic blood pressure of 11 mm Hg and an average decrease in diastolic blood pressure of 7 mm Hg in patients with primary hypertension. The dosages are generally around 150-300 mg per day, but some studies use higher dosages. Not all studies have produced the same positive results suggesting that individual results may vary and that results may be affected by other conditions like diabetes and whether or not the individual has hypertension. Some studies suggest that it can take some time, in the order of several weeks to several months, for the full results of CoQ10 supplements to fully manifest. CoQ10 supplements should not be used by pregnant women and by individuals under 20 years old without medical supervision. CoQ10 can reduce blood sugar levels, so individuals with diabetes should consult their physician before using CoQ10. CoQ10 is known to interact with several medications, so consult your physician or pharmacist before using this supplement if you are taking medications. CoQ10 Products (Product Link to - Life Extension Foundation) MagnesiumMagnesium improves endothelial function and acts as a natural calcium channel blocker and vasodilator. In a meta-analysis of seven studies magnesium supplementation was shown to lower systolic blood pressure by 18.7 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure by 10.9 mm Hg in patients with hypertension. Low serum magnesium is associated with a decline in kidney function and an increased risk of chronic kidney disease. Based on data from epidemiologic and observational studies, individuals with high blood pressure have lower intakes of magnesium than those with normal blood pressure Magnesium intake of 500-1000 mg per day (from food and supplements) is associated with lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Magnesium also appears to increase the effectiveness of all classes of anti-hypertensive medications. Extended Release Magnesium (Product Link to - Life Extension Foundation) Magnesium Capsules (Product Link to - Life Extension Foundation) Neuro-Mag Magnesium L-Threonate (Product Link to - Life Extension Foundation) Magnesium Citrate (Product Link to - Life Extension Foundation) Neuro-Mag Magnesium L-Threonate Powder (Product Link to - Life Extension Foundation) Effervescent Magnesium Ascorbate Crystals> (Product Link to - Life Extension Foundation) Grape PolyphenolsIn a randomized controlled trial in middle-aged subjects with blood pressures ranging from 120-139/80-89 mm Hg, grape seed extract lowered systolic blood pressure by 5.6% and diastolic blood pressure by 4.7%. In patients with hypertension, the blood pressure lowering effect was nearly double. There is evidence that this effect is mediated by grape polyphenols' ability to improve endothelial function. This improvement is apparent just 30 to 60 minutes after ingestion. The endothelial effect of grape polyphenols may be explained by a modulation of nitric oxide metabolism via activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Grape Seed Extract (Product Link to - Life Extension Foundation) Olive Leaf ExtractOne clinical study compared the blood-pressure-lowering effects of olive leaf extract to the ACE-inhibitor medication captopril in patients with stage I hypertension. Both groups experienced equal reductions in systolic and diastolic pressure. In the olive leaf extract group, systolic blood pressure was reduced by an average of 11.5 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure decreased by an average of 4.8 mm Hg. Olive leaf's antihypertensive effect may be attributable to several of the same mechanisms as prescription blood pressure drugs, including calcium-channel blocking, ACE inhibition, and angiotensin II antagonism. Personal note: In my own blood pressure management protocol, I use the olive leaf celery seed combination in the link below. It appears to have a beneficial effect on lowering blood pressure in my case (subjective opinion). I do not use it alone. I am also exercising, reducing salt and taking supplements that include potassium, omega-3 fish oil, magnesium, COQ-10, resveratrol and other nutrients. The combination keeps me out of the hypertension range and in the normal to pre-hypertension range. Advanced Olive Leaf Vascular Support (Product Link to - Life Extension Foundation) Celery Seed ExtractLaboratory studies with celery extract have demonstrated vasodilatory and vasorelaxant activity, which may be mediated by calcium-channel-blocking activity. A trial of standardized celery seed extract in 30 patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension found that six weeks of supplementation reduced systolic blood pressure by 8.2 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure by 8.5 mm Hg. Long-term administration of celery seed extract to hypertensive rats resulted in a substantial reduction in blood pressure. Advanced Olive Leaf Vascular Support (Product Link to - Life Extension Foundation) Plant Flavonoids and PolyphenolsThe list of plant flavonoids and polyphenols that have health benefits is very long. The admonition to include a diverse selection of vegetables and fruits in the diet has a solid scientific foundation. This is particularly true of the colored foods like blue berries, red grapes, pomegranates, etc. The scientific documentation of the effects of these various substances on specific health conditions continues to accumulate. Pomegranate polyphenolic extract has established cardio-protective benefits that include reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Pomegranate juice inhibits the angiotensin-converting enzyme, mimicking the mechanism of antihypertensive ACE inhibitor drugs. Pomegranate juice extract also interferes with the hypertensive effect of angiotensin II, a property similar to angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) medications. Pomegranate extract also has a beneficial influence on endothelial nitric oxide. A study of 50 ml daily of anthocyanin rich pomegranate juice reduced blood pressure by about 12 percent. Hesperidin and other citrus flavonoids improve endothelial function and reduce inflammation. Hesperidin also has anticoagulant and lipid-regulating effects. Hesperidin has been shown to improve systolic and diastolic blood pressure and reduce inflammatory markers in individuals with diabetes or metabolic syndrome. Hesperidin, like other plant polyphenols, impacts the health and diversity of the microbial community of the gut. Because the gut microbiome plays a key role in regulating metabolism and inflammation, it is now thought that flavonoids like hesperidin may exert their positive effects on health and disease in part through interactions with gut microbes. Anthocyanins are plant flavonoids that contribute the color to cranberries, blueberries, eggplant, grapes, red wine, pomegranate, and other fruits and vegetables. Anthocyanins inhibit the angiotensin converting enzyme that increases blood pressure and increase the production of artery relaxing agent, nitric oxide. A Finnish study of 72 middle-aged subjects examined the effects of consuming two servings of a berry blend containing 875 mg of polyphenols with 275 mg of anthocyanin daily. The berry group experienced a reduction in systolic blood pressure of 7.3 mm Hg and a 5.2% increase in HDL. Optimum Blood Pressure Management (Product Link to - Life Extension Foundation) Pomegranate Complete (Product Link to - Life Extension Foundation) Pomegranate Fruit Extract (Product Link to - Life Extension Foundation) Blueberry Extract with Pomegranate (Product Link to - Life Extension Foundation) Endothelial Defense(TM)Pomegranate Plus (Product Link to - Life Extension Foundation) AMPK Metabolic Activator (Product Link to - Life Extension Foundation) Vitamin D and Vitamin KVitamin D is believed to exert a blood pressure reducing effect by suppressing the expression of the blood pressure hormone renin, similar to the effect of prescription angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. Vitamin D and Vitamin K are essential to the absorption, transport and appropriate utilization of Calcium. Calcium is involved in smooth muscle cell contraction in blood vessels. In a review of 40 randomized controlled trials, an average daily calcium dose of 1,200 mg daily was associated with a reduction in systolic blood pressure of 1.9 mm Hg and a reduction in diastolic blood pressure of 1.0 mm Hg. Vitamin D Products (Product Link to - Life Extension Foundation) Vitamins K Products (Product Link to - Life Extension Foundation) L-arginineL-arginine is a semi-essential amino acid involved in ammonia detoxification, hormone secretion, and immune modulation. Arginine is also a precursor to nitric oxide (NO), a key component of endothelial-derived relaxing factor. An analysis of 11 randomized controlled trials found that L-arginine supplementation, in dosages ranging from 4 to 24 g per day, lowered systolic blood pressure by 5.4 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure by 2.7 mm Hg. L-Arginine Capsules (Product Link to - Life Extension Foundation) Arginine Ornithine (Product Link to - Life Extension Foundation) Green Coffee Beans (Chlorogenic acid)Chlorogenic acid is abundant in green coffee beans. A controlled trial in individuals with mild hypertension found that chlorogenic acid lowered systolic blood pressure by as much as 5.6 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure by as much as 3.9 mm Hg. Green Coffee Extract (Product Link to - Life Extension Foundation) Rainforest Blend Ground (Product Link to - Life Extension Foundation) Rainforest Blend Whole Bean (Product Link to - Life Extension Foundation) ResveratrolResveratrol is a polyphenol found in grapes, wine, Japanese knotweed, and several other plants. It has been extensively studied as a calorie-restriction mimetic because of its ability to influence metabolic pathways similarly to reducing caloric intake. A meta-analysis of six studies found that supplementation with at least 150 mg of resveratrol daily reduced systolic blood pressure by nearly 12 mm Hg while not significantly affecting diastolic blood pressure. Optimized Resveratrol Elite(TM) (Product Link to - Life Extension Foundation) Additional ReadingHigh Blood Pressure chapter in the Life Extension Disease Treatment and Prevention Book Reduce Blood Pressure Naturally article in Life Extension Magazine Around-the-Clock Blood-Pressure Control article in Life Extension Magazine New Hypertension Guidelines article in Life Extension Magazine Why 24-Hour Blood Pressure Control Matters article in Life Extension Magazine Lower Blood Pressure Empowers Longer Life article in Life Extension Magazine Olive Leaf Safely Modulates Blood Pressure article in Life Extension Magazine Natural Ways to Thwart a Stealth Killer article in Life Extension Magazine Reduce Blood Pressure Naturally article in Life Extension Magazine Natural Approaches to Lowering Blood Pressure article in Life Extension Magazine Olive Oil Offers Unique Cardiovascular Protection article in Life Extension Magazine How Aged Garlic Extract Can Slash Heart Disease Risk article in Life Extension Magazine ReferencesClick to Expand ReferencesO'brien, Eoin (2001-01-01). "Blood pressure measurement is changing!". Heart. 85 (1): 3-5. doi:10.1136/heart.85.1.3. ISSN 1468-201X. PMC 1729570. PMID 11119446. Kshirsagar AV, Carpenter M, Bang H, Wyatt SB, Colindres RE. Blood pressure usually considered normal is associated with an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease. The American journal of medicine. Feb 2006;119(2):133-141. Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, Casey DE, Collins KJ, Dennison Himmelfarb C, . . . Wright JT. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults. A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. 2017. "Understanding blood pressure readings". American Heart Association. 11 January 2011. Retrieved 30 March 2011. "Nearly half of US adults could now be classified with high blood pressure, under new definitions". American Heart Association. 13 November 2017. Retrieved 14 November 2017. Sacks FM, Appel LJ, Moore TJ, et al. A dietary approach to prevent hypertension: a review of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Study. Clinical cardiology. Jul 1999;22(7 Suppl):Iii6-10. Svetkey LP, Simons-Morton D, Vollmer WM, et al. Effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure: subgroup analysis of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) randomized clinical trial. Archives of internal medicine.Feb 8 1999;159(3):285-293. Appel LJ, Moore TJ, Obarzanek E, et al. A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure. DASH Collaborative Research Group. The New England journal of medicine. Apr 17 1997;336(16):1117-1124. Streppel MT, Arends LR, van 't Veer P, Grobbee DE, Geleijnse JM. Dietary fiber and blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Archives of internal medicine. Jan 24 2005;165(2):150-156. Sacks FM, Svetkey LP, Vollmer WM, et al. Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group. The New England journal of medicine. Jan 4 2001;344(1):3-10. Hinderliter AL, Sherwood A, Craighead LW, et al. The long-term effects of lifestyle change on blood pressure: One-year follow-up of the ENCORE study. American journal of hypertension. May 2014;27(5):734-741. Sikand G. Mediterranean, DASH & TLC Dietary Patterns: Mechanisms for CVD Reduction. Paper presented at: 2014 Clinical Lipid Update; March 16th 2014, 2014; Maui. Tognon G, Lissner L, Saebye D, Walker KZ, Heitmann BL. The Mediterranean diet in relation to mortality and CVD: a Danish cohort study. The British journal of nutrition. Jan 14 2014;111(1):151-159. Jefferson ME, Nicklas BJ, Chmelo EA, et al. Effects of Resistance Training With and Without Caloric Restriction on Arterial Stiffness in Overweight and Obese Older Adults. American journal of hypertension. Aug 20 2015. Riegel G, Moreira LB, Fuchs SC, et al. Long-term effectiveness of non-drug recommendations to treat hypertension in a clinical setting. American journal of hypertension. Nov 2012;25(11):1202-1208. Perez V, Chang ET. Sodium-to-potassium ratio and blood pressure, hypertension, and related factors. Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.). Nov 2014;5(6):712-741. Penton D, Czogalla J, Loffing J. Dietary potassium and the renal control of salt balance and blood pressure. Pflugers Arch. Mar 2015;467(3):513-530. Stevens VJ, Obarzanek E, Cook NR, et al. Long-term weight loss and changes in blood pressure: results of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention, phase II. Ann Intern Med. Jan 2 2001;134(1):1-11. Kan AW, Hussain T, Carson KA, et al. The Contribution of Age and Weight to Blood Pressure Levels Among Blacks and Whites Receiving Care in Community-Based Primary Care Practices. Preventing chronic disease. 2015;12:E161. Whelton SP, Chin A, Xin X, He J. Effect of aerobic exercise on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Ann Intern Med. Apr 2 2002;136(7):493-503. Cornelissen VA, Fagard RH. Effect of resistance training on resting blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of hypertension. Feb 2005;23(2):251-259. Kelley GA, Kelley KS. Progressive resistance exercise and resting blood pressure : A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Hypertension. Mar 2000;35(3):838-843. Larsen RN, Kingwell BA, Sethi P, Cerin E, Owen N, Dunstan DW. Breaking up prolonged sitting reduces resting blood pressure in overweight/obese adults. Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD. Sep 2014;24(9):976-982. Bazzano LA, Green T, Harrison TN, Reynolds K. Dietary approaches to prevent hypertension. Current hypertension reports. Dec 2013;15(6):694-702. Xin X, He J, Frontini MG, Ogden LG, Motsamai OI, Whelton PK. Effects of alcohol reduction on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Hypertension. Nov 2001;38(5):1112-1117. Hughes JW, Fresco DM, Myerscough R, van Dulmen MH, Carlson LE, Josephson R. Randomized controlled trial of mindfulness-based stress reduction for prehypertension. Psychosomatic medicine. Oct 2013;75(8):721-728. Gasperin D, Netuveli G, Dias-da-Costa JS, Pattussi MP. Effect of psychological stress on blood pressure increase: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Cadernos de saude publica. Apr 2009;25(4):715-726. Larson AJ, Symons JD, Jalili T. Therapeutic potential of quercetin to decrease blood pressure: review of efficacy and mechanisms. Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.). Jan 2012;3(1):39-46. Laskar MAC, M. D. In silico screening of some plant based natural products as angiotensin receptor blockers against cardiovascular diseases. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science. 2015;4(1):1248-1257. Egert S, Bosy-Westphal A, Seiberl J, et al. Quercetin reduces systolic blood pressure and plasma oxidised low-density lipoprotein concentrations in overweight subjects with a high-cardiovascular disease risk phenotype: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled cross-over study. The British journal of nutrition. Oct 2009;102(7):1065-1074. Pfeuffer M, Auinger A, Bley U, et al. Effect of quercetin on traits of the metabolic syndrome, endothelial function and inflammation in men with different APOE isoforms. Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD.May 2013;23(5):403-409. Brull V, Burak C, Stoffel-Wagner B, et al. Effects of a quercetin-rich onion skin extract on 24 h ambulatory blood pressure and endothelial function in overweight-to-obese patients with (pre-)hypertension: a randomised double-blinded placebo-controlled cross-over trial. The British journal of nutrition. Oct 2015;114(8):1263-1277. Edwards RL, Lyon T, Litwin SE, Rabovsky A, Symons JD, Jalili T. Quercetin reduces blood pressure in hypertensive subjects. The Journal of nutrition. Nov 2007;137(11):2405-2411. Zahedi M, Ghiasvand R, Feizi A, Asgari G, Darvish L. Does Quercetin Improve Cardiovascular Risk factors and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Women with Type 2 Diabetes: A Double-blind Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. International journal of preventive medicine. Jul 2013;4(7):777-785. Ross JA, Kasum CM. Dietary flavonoids: bioavailability, metabolic effects, and safety. Annual review of nutrition.2002;22:19-34. Basli A, Soulet S, Chaher N, et al. Wine polyphenols: potential agents in neuroprotection. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity. 2012;2012:805762. Godse S, Mohan M, Kasture V, Kasture S. Effect of myricetin on blood pressure and metabolic alterations in fructose hypertensive rats. Pharmaceutical biology. May 2010;48(5):494-498. Borde P, Mohan M, Kasture S. Effect of myricetin on deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt-hypertensive rats. Natural product research. Sep 2011;25(16):1549-1559. Hobbs CA, Swartz C, Maronpot R, et al. Genotoxicity evaluation of the flavonoid, myricitrin, and its aglycone, myricetin. Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. Sep 2015;83:283-292. Wang SJ, Tong Y, Lu S, et al. Anti-inflammatory activity of myricetin isolated from Myrica rubra Sieb. et Zucc. leaves. Planta medica. Oct 2010;76(14):1492-1496. Domitrovic R, Rashed K, Cvijanovic O, Vladimir-Knezevic S, Skoda M, Visnic A. Myricitrin exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic activity in carbon tetrachloride-intoxicated mice. Chemico-biological interactions.Mar 25 2015;230:21-29. Fernandez SP, Nguyen M, Yow TT, et al. The flavonoid glycosides, myricitrin, gossypin and naringin exert anxiolytic action in mice. Neurochemical research. Oct 2009;34(10):1867-1875. Liu JC, Kao PK, Chan P, et al. Mechanism of the antihypertensive effect of stevioside in anesthetized dogs. Pharmacology. Jan 2003;67(1):14-20. Melis MS. Influence of calcium on the blood pressure and renal effects of stevioside. Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologicas / Sociedade Brasileira de Biofisica ... [et al.]. 1992;25(9):943-949. Melis MS. Stevioside effect on renal function of normal and hypertensive rats. Journal of ethnopharmacology. Jun 1992;36(3):213-217. Onakpoya IJ, Heneghan CJ. Effect of the natural sweetener, steviol glycoside, on cardiovascular risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. European journal of preventive cardiology. Dec 2015;22(12):1575-1587. Pechanova O, Paulis L, Simko F. Peripheral and Central Effects of Melatonin on Blood Pressure Regulation. International journal of molecular sciences. 10/08 07/03/received 09/17/revised 09/17/accepted 2014;15(10):17920-17937. Rodella LF, Favero G, Foglio E, et al. Vascular endothelial cells and dysfunctions: role of melatonin. Frontiers in bioscience (Elite edition). 2013;5:119-129. Li Y, Wang JG. Isolated nocturnal hypertension: a disease masked in the dark. Hypertension. Feb 2013;61(2):278-283. Grossman E, Laudon M, Zisapel N. Effect of melatonin on nocturnal blood pressure: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2011;7:577-584. Geleijnse JM, Giltay EJ, Grobbee DE, Donders AR, Kok FJ. Blood pressure response to fish oil supplementation: metaregression analysis of randomized trials. Journal of hypertension. Aug 2002;20(8):1493-1499. Miller PE, Van Elswyk M, Alexander DD. Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid and blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. American journal of hypertension. Jul 2014;27(7):885-896. Endo J, Arita M. Cardioprotective mechanism of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Journal of cardiology. Sep 7 2015. Jain AP, Aggarwal KK, Zhang PY. Omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease. European review for medical and pharmacological sciences. 2015;19(3):441-445. Nestel P, Clifton P, Colquhoun D, et al. Indications for Omega-3 Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid in the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease. Heart, lung & circulation. Aug 2015;24(8):769-779. Ho MJ, Bellusci A, Wright JM. Blood pressure lowering efficacy of coenzyme Q10 for primary hypertension. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2009(4):Cd007435. Wyman M, Leonard M, Morledge T. Coenzyme Q10: a therapy for hypertension and statin-induced myalgia? Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine. Jul 2010;77(7):435-442. Mortensen SA, Rosenfeldt F, Kumar A, et al. The Effect of Coenzyme Q on Morbidity and Mortality in Chronic Heart Failure: Results From Q-SYMBIO: A Randomized Double-Blind Trial. JACC. Heart failure. Sep 25 2014. Gao L, Mao Q, Cao J, Wang Y, Zhou X, Fan L. Effects of coenzyme Q10 on vascular endothelial function in humans: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Atherosclerosis. Apr 012;221(2):311-316. Jee SH, Miller ER, 3rd, Guallar E, Singh VK, Appel LJ, Klag MJ. The effect of magnesium supplementation on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. American journal of hypertension. Aug 2002;15(8):691-696. Shechter M, Shechter A. The Role of Magnesium in the Cardiovascular System. In: Watson RR, Preedy VR, Zibadi S, eds. Magnesium in Human Health and Disease: Humana Press; 2013:191-204. Houston M. Magnesium and Hypertension. In: Watson RR, Preedy VR, Zibadi S, eds. Magnesium in Human Health and Disease: Humana Press; 2013:183-189. Rosanoff A. Magnesium supplements may enhance the effect of antihypertensive medications in stage 1 hypertensive subjects. Magnesium research : official organ of the International Society for the Development of Research on Magnesium. Mar 2010;23(1):27-40. Qu X, Jin F, Hao Y, et al. Magnesium and the risk of cardiovascular events: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. PloS one. 2013;8(3):e57720. Grober U, Schmidt J, Kisters K. Magnesium in Prevention and Therapy. Nutrients. 2015;7(9):8199-8226. Rosanoff A, Plesset MR. Oral magnesium supplements decrease high blood pressure (SBP>155 mmHg) in hypertensive subjects on anti-hypertensive medications: a targeted meta-analysis. Magnesium research : official organ of the International Society for the Development of Research on Magnesium. Jul-Sep 2013;26(3):93-99. Tin A, Grams ME, Maruthur NM, et al. Results from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study suggest that low serum magnesium is associated with incident kidney disease. Kidney international. 04//print 2015;87(4):820-827. Houston M. The role of nutrition and nutraceutical supplements in the treatment of hypertension. World journal of cardiology. 2014;6(2):38-66. Fi SH, Zhao P, Tian HB, Chen LH, Cui LQ. Effect of Grape Polyphenols on Blood Pressure: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. PloS one. 2015;10(9):e0137665. Edirisinghe I, Burton-Freeman B, Tissa Kappagoda C. Mechanism of the endothelium-dependent relaxation evoked by a grape seed extract. Clinical science (London, England : 1979). Feb 2008;114(4):331-337. Park E, Edirisinghe I, Choy YY, Waterhouse A, Burton-Freeman B. Effects of grape seed extract beverage on blood pressure and metabolic indices in individuals with pre-hypertension: a randomised, double-blinded, two-arm, parallel, placebo-controlled trial. The British journal of nutrition. Nov 16 2015:1-13. Asgary S, Keshvari M, Sahebkar A, Hashemi M, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Clinical investigation of the acute effects of pomegranate juice on blood pressure and endothelial function in hypertensive individuals. ARYA atherosclerosis. Nov 2013;9(6):326-331. Asgary S, Sahebkar A, Afshani MR, Keshvari M, Haghjooyjavanmard S, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Clinical evaluation of blood pressure lowering, endothelial function improving, hypolipidemic and anti-inflammatory effects of pomegranate juice in hypertensive subjects. Phytotherapy research : PTR. Feb 2014;28(2):193-199. Tsang C, Smail NF, Almoosawi S, Davidson I, Al-Dujaili EA. Intake of polyphenol-rich pomegranate pure juice influences urinary glucocorticoids, blood pressure and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance in human volunteers. Journal of nutritional science. 2012;1:e9. Aviram M, Dornfeld L. Pomegranate juice consumption inhibits serum angiotensin converting enzyme activity and reduces systolic blood pressure. Atherosclerosis. Sep 2001;158(1):195-198. Aviram M, Rosenblat M, Gaitini D, et al. Pomegranate juice consumption for 3 years by patients with carotid artery stenosis reduces common carotid intima-media thickness, blood pressure and LDL oxidation. Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland). Jun 2004;23(3):423-433. Shea MK, O'Donnell CJ, Hoffmann U, et al. Vitamin K supplementation and progression of coronary artery calcium in older men and women. The American journal of clinical nutrition. Jun 2009;89(6):1799-1807. DiNicolantonio JJ, Bhutani J, O'Keefe JH. The health benefits of vitamin K. Open Heart. 10/06 06/01/received 08/27/revised 09/18/accepted 2015;2(1):e000300. Shea MK, Holden RM. Vitamin K status and vascular calcification: evidence from observational and clinical studies. Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.). Mar 2012;3(2):158-165. Dong JY, Qin LQ, Zhang Z, et al. Effect of oral L-arginine supplementation on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. American heart journal. Dec 2011;162(6):959-965. Kozuma K, Tsuchiya S, Kohori J, Hase T, Tokimitsu I. Antihypertensive effect of green coffee bean extract on mildly hypertensive subjects. Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension. Sep 2005;28(9):711-718. Yamaguchi T, Chikama A, Mori K, et al. Hydroxyhydroquinone-free coffee: a double-blind, randomized controlled dose-response study of blood pressure. Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD. Jul 2008;18(6):408-414. Wang J, Xiong X, Feng B. Effect of crataegus usage in cardiovascular disease prevention: an evidence-based approach. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM. 2013;2013:149363. Liu Y, Ma W, Zhang P, He S, Huang D. Effect of resveratrol on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland). Feb 2015;34(1):27-34. Izzo JL, Jr., Weir MR. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.). Sep 2011;13(9):667-675. Taylor AA, Siragy H, Nesbitt S. Angiotensin receptor blockers: pharmacology, efficacy, and safety. Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.). Sep 2011;13(9):677-686.Li EC, Heran BS, Wright JM. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors versus angiotensin receptor blockers for primary hypertension. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2014;8:Cd009096. Freis ED (1976). "Salt, volume and the prevention of hypertension". Circulation. 53 (4): 589-95. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.53.4.589. PMID 767020. Houston, Mark (January 1986). "Sodium and Hypertension: A Review". Archives of Internal Medicine. 1. 146 (1): 179-85. doi:10-1001/archinte-1986-00360130217028. PMID 3510595. Law MR, Frost CD, Wald NJ. By how much does dietary salt reduction lower blood pressure? I--Analysis of observational data among populations. BMJ. 1991 Apr 6;302(6780):811-815. [PMC free article] [PubMed] Lind L, Hanni A, Lithell H, et al. Vitamin D is related to blood pressure and other cardiovascular risk factors in middle-aged men. Am J Hypertens. 1995 Sep;8(9):894-901. Forman JP, Curhan GC, Taylor EN. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of incident hypertension among young women. Hypertension. 2008 Nov;52(5):828-32. Pfeifer M, Begerow B, Minne HW, et al. Effects of a short-term vitamin D3 and calcium supplementation on blood pressure and parathyroid hormone levels in elderly women. J Clin Endcrinol Metab. 2001;86:1633-37. Witham MD, Nadir MA, Struthers AD. Effect of vitamin D on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hypertens. 2009 Oct;27(10):1948-54. Giovannucci E. Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2009 Nov;11(6):456-61. Altern Med Rev. 2002 Dec;7(6):512-22. Biomed Pharmacother. 2002 Nov;56(9):439-45. 24 NEJM 1985 Jan 31;312(5):283-9
Disclaimer: The information on this website is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease or to provide personal medical advice, which should be obtained from a medical professional. The author and publisher are not providing medical, psychological, or nutritional counseling services. Liability for individual actions based upon the contents of this site is expressly disclaimed. This information has not been evaluated or approved by the U.S. FDA. Affiliate Disclosure: The website author will earn an affiliate commission if you purchase any products from any of the links on this site. There is no additional cost to the purchaser. |
