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Olive Leaf ExtractOlives trees are subtropical evergreen trees native to the Mediterranean region and similar climactic areas. The fruit and the oil pressed from the fruit have been used as an important food source throughout recorded history. The olive leaf has also been used as a medicine throughout recorded history. Olive Leaf Extract Antimicrobial propertieeResearch has demonstrated that olive leaf extract has antimicrobial properties that affect viruses, bacteria, fungus, yeast and protozoa. Some of the studies were done on calcium elenolate in vitro (in the laboratory). Calcium elenolate proved highly effective in the test tube but was deactivated by blood proteins when introduced into humans. Calcium elenolate is not a natural constituent of olive leaf extract. Quoting some of this research out of context has caused some confusion in the marketing claims made for olive leaf products. There are several polyphenols in olive leaf and olive fruit that are biologically active. Many of the polyphenols are removed from the fruit and oil during processing because they impart a bitter taste. The polyphenol most researched with respect to olive leaf extract's therapeutic properties is oleuropein. The more oleuropein in a particular product, the more effective it is likely to be. Oleuropein is metabolized into elenolic acid by the digestive process. Elenolic acid in turn has demonstrated broad spectrum antimicrobial effects. Most of the studies quoted apply to in vitro testing. Clinical trials of olive leaf extract in the treatment of particular diseases have not been done. It is, therefore, not an approved drug or treatment for any particular disease. Nevertheless, it has been widely used as a common treatment for numerous infectious conditions supported by favorable anecdotal information. Some viruses inhibited by olive leaf extract in vitro include rhinovirus, myxoviruses, Herpes simplex type I, Herpes simplex type II, Herpes zoster, Encephalomyocarditis, Polio 1, 2, and 3, two strains of leukemia virus, many strains of influenza and para- influenza viruses. The mechanism of action of the antiviral activity is reported to include:
In in vitro testing, olive leaf extract has been reported to be an effective antimicrobial agent against over 50 pathogens, including Salmonella typhi, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Escherichia col. Oleuropein has also been reported to directly stimulate macrophage activation in laboratory studies. Olive Leaf Extract in Protozoa InfectionsOlive leaf extract has been traditionally used as a malaria treatment. Some of the old references claim that it is superior to quinine in effectiveness. Olive Leaf Extract in Chronic FatigueAs an antifungal and antiviral agent, olive leaf extract is currently used as a supportive agent in the management of chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia. It is hypothesized that the antimicrobial action of olive leaf extract enables it to kill infectious organisms that are believe to contribute to fatigue, low energy and chronic fatigue. There are many anecdotal reports of individuals experiencing an increase in energy and well being as a result of taking olive leaf extract. Olive Leaf Extract and Bone HealtAn olive leaf extract was reported in a laboratory study to have vasodilating effects, seemingly independent of vascular endothelial integrity. As an antioxidant Oleuropein, has been reported to decrease the oxidation of LDL cholesterol and reduce the development of atherosclerosis. Olive leaf has also been reported to inhibit platelet aggregation and production of thromboxane A2 , angiotensin and converting enzymes. Thus, Oleuropein has anticlotting and anticoagulation properties. Olive leaf extract has been reported to reduce blood pressure. One small human clinical trial has been performed with positive results. Olive Leaf Extract and Bone HealtFrench researchers have found that oleuropein, an olive leaf derived phenol stopped bone loss in an animal model of menopausal osteoporosis. Other research has demonstrated that oleuropein has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. It is believed that these properties are responsible for the reduction in bone density loss that was observed by these researchers. Olive Leaf Extract PrecautionsOlive leaf extract will likely lower blood pressure. Therefore, anyone with hypotension or taking blood pressure lowering medications should consult their physician and use caution. Olive leaf extract will likely lower blood sugar. Therefore, anyone with hypoglycemia or taking insulin or diabetic medications should consult their physician and use caution. Olive leaf extract will likely reduce blood clotting. Therefore, anyone with bleeding disorders or taking anticoagulant medications should consult their physician and use caution. Olive leaf extract may conflict with some antibiotics. Consult your physician and pharmacist before taking the two together. Olive Leaf Extract ProductsHere are some recommended Olive Leaf Extract Products. Advanced Olive Leaf Vascular Support Olive Leaf Extract ReferencesClick to Expand ReferencesFehri B, Aiache JM, Memmi A, Korbi S, Yacoubi MT, Mrad S, Lamaison JL. Hypotension, hypoglycemia and hypouricemia recorded after repeated administration of aqueous leaf extract of Olea europaea L. J Pharm Belg . 1994;49:101-8. Khayyal MT, el-Ghazaly MA, Abdallah DM, Nassar NN, Okpanyi SN, Kreuter MH. Blood pressure lowering effect of an olive leaf extract ( Olea europaea ) in L-NAME induced hypertension in rats. Arzneimittelforschung . 2002;52:797-802. Ribeiro Rde A, Fiuza de Melo MM, De Barros F, Gomes C, Trolin G. Acute antihypertensive effect in conscious rats produced by some medicinal plants used in the state of Sao Paulo. J Ethnopharmacol . 1986;15:261-9. Zarzuelo A, Duarte J, Jimenez J, Gonzalez M, Utrilla MP. Vasodilator effect of olive leaf. Planta Med . 1991;57:417-9. Fehri B, Aiache JM, Memmi A, et al. Hypotension, hypoglycemia and hypouricemia recorded after repeated administration of aqueous leaf extract of Olea europaea L [in French]. J Pharm Belg . 199449:101-8. Puel C, Mathey J, Agalias A, Kati-Coulibaly S, Mardon J, Obled C, Davicco MJ, Lebecque P, Horcajada MN, Skaltsounis AL, Coxam V. Dose-response study of effect of oleuropein, an olive oil polyphenol, in an ovariectomy/inflammation experimental model of bone loss in the rat. Clin Nutr. 2006 May 30 De Laurentis N, et al. Flavonoids from leaves of Olea europaea L. cultivars. Ann Pharm Fr. 1998;56(6):268-73. Ficarra P, et al. HPLC analysis of oleuropein and some flavonoids in leaf and bud of Olea europaea L. Farmaco. Jun1991;46(6):803-15. PDR for Herbal Medicines, 2nd edition. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics Company; 2000:557. American Herbal Products Association. Use of Marker Compounds in Manufacturing and Labeling Botanically Derived Dietary Supplements. Silver Spring, MD: American Herbal Products Association; 2001. Ferro-Luzzi A, et al. Changing the Mediterranean diet: effects on blood lipids. Am J Clin Nutr. Nov1984;40(5):1027-37. Kushi LH, et al. Health implications of Mediterranean diets in light of contemporary knowledge. 2. Meat, wine, fats, and oils. Am J Clin Nutr. Jun1995;61(6 Suppl):1416S-1427S. Visoli F, et al. Oleuropein protects low density lipoprotein from oxidation. Life Sciences. 1994;55:1965-71. Soret MG. Antiviral activity of calcium elenolate on parainfluenza infection of hamsters. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1969;9:160-66. Bisignano G, et al. On the in-vitro antimicrobial activity of oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol. J Pharm Pharmacol. Aug1999;51(8):971-4. Petkov V, Manolov P. Pharmacological analysis of the iridoid oleuropein. Drug Res. 1972;22(9):1476-86. Juven B, et al. Studies on the mechanism of the antimicrobial action of oleuropein. J Appl Bact. 1972;35:559. Visioli F, et al. Oleuropein, the bitter principle of olives, enhances nitric oxide production by mouse macrophages. Life Sci. 1998;62(6):541-6. Renis HE. In vitro antiviral activity of calcium elenolate. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1970;167-72. Heinze JE, et al. Specificity of the antiviral agent calcium elenolate. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. Oct1975;8(4):421-5. Renis HE. Inactivation of myxoviruses by calcium elenolate. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. Aug1975;8(2):194-9. Hirschman SZ. Inactivation of DNA polymerases of murine leukaemia viruses by calcium elenolate. Nat New Biol. Aug1972;238(87):277-9. Soret MG. Antiviral activity of calcium elenolate on parainfluenza infection of hamsters. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1969;9:160-6. Renis HE. In vitro antiviral activity of calcium elenolate. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1970;167-72. Zarzuelo A, et al. Vasodilator effect of olive leaf. Planta Med. Oct1991;57(5):417-9. Visioli F, et al. The effect of minor constituents of olive oil on cardiovascular disease: new findings. Nutr Rev. May1998;56(5 Pt 1):142-7. Giugliano D. Dietary antioxidants for cardiovascular prevention. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. Feb2000;10(1):38-44. Visioli F, et al. Oleuropein protects low density lipoprotein from oxidation. Life Sci. 1994;55(24):1965-71. Petroni A, et al. Inhibition of platelet aggregatiion and eicosanoid production by phenolic components of olive oil. Thromb Res. Apr1995;78(2)151-60. Hansen K, et al. Isolation of an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor from olea europaea and olea lacea. Phytomedicine. 1996;2:319-325. Bennani-Kabchi N, et al. Effects of Olea europea var. oleaster leaves in hypercholesterolemic insulin-resistant sand rats. Therapie. Nov1999;54(6):717-23. Gonzalez M, et al. Hypoglycemic activity of olive leaf. Planta Medica. 1992;58:513-515. Chimi H, et al. Inhibition of iron toxicity in rat hepatocyte culture by natural phenolic compounds. Tox In Vitro. 1995;9:695-702. Pieroni A, et al. In vitro anti-complementary activity of flavonoids from olive (Olea europaea L.) leaves. Pharmazie. Oct1996;51(10):765-8. PDR for Herbal Medicines, 2nd ed. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics Company; 2000:557. Martinez A, et al. Identification of a 36-kDa olive-pollen allergen by in vitro and in vivo studies. Allergy. Jun1999;54(6):584-92. Cherif S, Rahal N, Haouala M, et al. A clinical trial of a titrated Olea extract in the treatment of essential arterial hypertension. J Pharm Belg . 1996;51:69-71.
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